摘要:為了有效地提升鉛酸蓄電池" title="鉛酸蓄電池" target="_blank">鉛酸蓄電池的使用壽命,,同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)對充電過程的監(jiān)控,,設(shè)計(jì)出一種用單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" 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title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)" title="單片機(jī)">單片機(jī)控制的36 V鉛酸蓄電池充電電源。本電路采用反激式拓?fù)?,連續(xù)電流工作模式,,電源管理IC設(shè)計(jì)在電源的副邊,由ELAN公司的EM78P258N單片機(jī)模擬,,是用可編程器件模擬電源管理IC,,實(shí)現(xiàn)智能電源低成本化的一次成功嘗試,通過對單片機(jī)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了充電電源的狀態(tài)顯示,、充電時(shí)間控制,、報(bào)警、過溫保護(hù),、過壓保護(hù),、過流保護(hù)等功能。本充電器真正的實(shí)現(xiàn)了鉛酸蓄電池的三段式充電過程,,其最高輸出功率可達(dá)90 W,,效率約85%,成本不到20元,,具有很高的市場競爭力,。
關(guān)鍵詞:鉛酸蓄電池;充電電源,;單片機(jī),;電源管理IC
鉛酸蓄電池由于其制造成本低,容量大,,價(jià)格低廉而得到了廣泛的使用,。但是,若使用不當(dāng),其壽命將大大縮短,。影響鉛酸蓄電池壽命的因素很多,,而采用正確的充電方式,能有效延長蓄電池的使用壽命,。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):電池充電過程對電池壽命影響最大,,放電過程的影響較少。也就是說,,絕大多數(shù)的蓄電池不是用壞的,,而是“充壞”的。由此可見,,一個(gè)好的充電器對蓄電池的使用壽命具有舉足輕重的作用,。
目前比較被認(rèn)可的充電曲線如圖1所示。也即常說的三階段充電法:在充電開始和結(jié)束時(shí)采用恒電流充電,,中間用恒電壓充電,。當(dāng)電流衰減到預(yù)定值時(shí),由第二階段轉(zhuǎn)換到第三階段,。這種方法可以將出氣量減到最少,,最大限度的保護(hù)蓄電池的壽命。
傳統(tǒng)的3842式充電器性能可靠,,價(jià)格低廉,,但卻只能實(shí)現(xiàn)充電曲線的前兩個(gè)階段,無法實(shí)現(xiàn)浮充(涓流)階段,,而且無法實(shí)現(xiàn)智能控制,。市場上的一些所謂的智能充電器,又無一例外的價(jià)格高昂,,沒有市場競爭力,。本文介紹了一種采用單片機(jī)做電源管理IC的智能充電器,可以真正的實(shí)現(xiàn)三段式充電過程,,并且具有狀態(tài)顯示,、充電時(shí)間控制、報(bào)警等功能,,而且整機(jī)成本不到20元,極具市場競爭力,。
1 電源設(shè)計(jì)方案
1.1 總體方案簡介
采用單片機(jī)做電源管理IC,,瓶頸問題是單片機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度較慢,當(dāng)負(fù)載出現(xiàn)突變時(shí)無法及時(shí)做出調(diào)節(jié),,而本例的負(fù)載是電池,,給電池進(jìn)行充電的過程恰好不會(huì)出現(xiàn)負(fù)載突變這個(gè)問題,這使得采用單片機(jī)作為電源管理IC成為可能。
由于本電路的輸出功率小于100 W,,所以采用反激式拓?fù)湫问?,反激式拓?fù)渥畲蟮膬?yōu)點(diǎn)是不需要輸出濾波電感,這使得反激式拓?fù)涞某杀据^低,,體積較小,。電源管理IC設(shè)計(jì)在電路副邊,由ELAN品牌的EM78P258N單片機(jī)模擬,,單片機(jī)的運(yùn)算頻率設(shè)定為8 MHz,。EM78P258N是一款具有很高性價(jià)比的單片機(jī),其工作頻率最高可達(dá)20 MHz(外接振蕩器模式),,內(nèi)部設(shè)置了4個(gè)12位精度的AD轉(zhuǎn)換器,、2Kx13位片內(nèi)寄存器、3個(gè)八位,、一個(gè)十六位計(jì)時(shí)器和一個(gè)PWM波形發(fā)生器,,具有看門狗功能。電路的初級(jí)和次級(jí)由變壓器進(jìn)行隔離,,變壓器不僅結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,,而且很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)初次級(jí)3 000VAC的抗電強(qiáng)度。該充電器最高輸出約可為45 V/2 A,,并可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),。本充電器的開關(guān)頻率設(shè)為40 KHz,每個(gè)周期被等分為200個(gè)部分,,PWM每次可以調(diào)節(jié)1/200個(gè)周期,,即125 ns。
本充電器的電路如圖2所示,。市電輸入經(jīng)橋式整流后,,形成約300 V直流電壓。本電路的整流濾波電路與通常有所不同,,對蓄電池充電器來說,,整流后的100 Hz脈動(dòng)電流沒必要濾除干凈,100 Hz的脈動(dòng)電流對蓄電池充電不僅無害,,反而有利,,在一定程度上可起到脈沖充電的效果,使充電過程中蓄電池的化學(xué)反應(yīng)有緩沖的機(jī)會(huì),,防止連續(xù)大電流充電形成的極板硫化現(xiàn)象,。
單片機(jī)初始工作電壓,是由負(fù)載電池提供的,,當(dāng)沒有接上負(fù)載電池時(shí),,本充電器不會(huì)工作。由于單片機(jī)EM78P258N芯片的采樣精度與它的供電的電源紋波有關(guān),這里采用7805芯片給它供電,。EM78P258N芯片輸出的PWM脈沖的高電平為5V,,而IRF840的開通電壓為4V,但由于EM78P25 8N芯片的輸出信號(hào)要先經(jīng)過放大電路,,再經(jīng)過信號(hào)變壓器的耦合,,才去驅(qū)動(dòng)開關(guān)管IRF840,PWM波形難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)畸變,。為了降低損耗,,這里將信號(hào)放大電路的電壓設(shè)置為20 V,經(jīng)測試,,此舉會(huì)大大提高電路的效率,,此20 V電壓由7820芯片提供。7805芯片和7820芯片的輸入均接到本充電器的輸出端(圖2中未繪出),。EM78P258N芯片的6腳和7腳用來控制信號(hào)燈,,通過觀察兩個(gè)信號(hào)燈的開滅狀態(tài)就可以知道本電路工作在哪個(gè)階段下。11腳被設(shè)定為警報(bào)控制信號(hào)端,,當(dāng)電池充電過程完成,,或者充電器出現(xiàn)故障時(shí),此腳控制警報(bào)器發(fā)出不同的報(bào)警聲,。4個(gè)AD轉(zhuǎn)換器中,,13腳用來采集電壓信號(hào),14腳用來采集電流信號(hào),,1腳用來采集溫度信號(hào),,2腳閑置,可用于以后的功能升級(jí),。3腳用來監(jiān)控220VAC市電,,當(dāng)充電器斷電后,單片機(jī)進(jìn)入休眠狀態(tài),。電流采樣電阻還可以完成假負(fù)載的功能,。
本電路在市電和蓄電池均聯(lián)接上后,才開始工作,,蓄電池和市電任一個(gè)斷開,,電路即停止工作,可靠性較好,。
1.2 單片機(jī)軟件的設(shè)計(jì)
由于EM78P258N芯片并不是專用的電源管理IC,,所以在程序設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),一定要盡可能將所有可能出現(xiàn)的工作狀態(tài)全部考慮到,。由于單片機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度的限制(在本例中,一個(gè)指令周期為125 ns),不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)特別準(zhǔn)確的電壓或電流輸出,,但對于鉛酸電池來說,,適當(dāng)?shù)碾妷夯螂娏骷y波反而有利于消除極板硫化現(xiàn)象。
軟件控制流程如圖3所示,。當(dāng)蓄電池接上后,,單片機(jī)開始工作,初始化后,,PWM緩慢打開,,然后檢測電流采樣電阻上的電壓,將電路的輸出電流控制到1.8~2 A之間,,同時(shí)檢測輸出電壓并計(jì)時(shí),,如果電路輸出電壓到達(dá)42 V的時(shí)間小于10 s,就認(rèn)為這個(gè)電池本身就滿的,,程序直接轉(zhuǎn)到涓流狀態(tài),。當(dāng)電路的輸出電壓達(dá)到43 V后,程序轉(zhuǎn)到恒壓充電階段,,此階段將電路的輸出電壓控制到43~45 V之間,,同時(shí)檢測輸出電流并計(jì)時(shí),當(dāng)輸出電流小于200 mA時(shí),,程序轉(zhuǎn)到恒壓轉(zhuǎn)涓流階段,。由于在恒壓階段,電池已經(jīng)被浮充到了44.6 V左右,,而涓流階段的電壓要求為41.4 V左右,,如果恒壓階段結(jié)束后直接轉(zhuǎn)到涓流階段,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)電池的電壓高于充電器輸出電壓的情況,,充電電流為零,,強(qiáng)迫程序結(jié)柬。所以在恒壓階段結(jié)束后,,程序先進(jìn)入一個(gè)恒壓轉(zhuǎn)涓流階段,,在此階段,將充電電流控制到80~100 mA之間,,隨著充電電流的下降,,電池兩端的電壓也會(huì)下降,當(dāng)電池兩端的電壓降至40 V以下時(shí),,程序轉(zhuǎn)到涓流階段繼續(xù)對電池進(jìn)行充電,,從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了三段式的充電模式。涓流階段持續(xù)半小時(shí)或者充電電流小于50 mA后,,單片機(jī)在蜂鳴提示后,,進(jìn)行到睡眠狀態(tài),,充電過程結(jié)束。
在單片機(jī)的整個(gè)工作過程,,充電器的輸出電壓和輸出電流一直被監(jiān)控,,如果單片機(jī)的程序末完成,蓄電池即被取下,,這時(shí)開關(guān)管開通時(shí)儲(chǔ)存在變壓器里的能量無法被充分釋放,,長時(shí)間后會(huì)導(dǎo)致變壓器的磁飽和,繼而燒毀充電器,。所以在程序中,,設(shè)定當(dāng)充電電流為零,充電過程即強(qiáng)制結(jié)束,。如果檢測到充電器的輸出電壓過高或輸出電流過大,,充電程序也會(huì)強(qiáng)制結(jié)束,保護(hù)蓄電池不會(huì)損壞,。
在程序中,,各階段的執(zhí)行時(shí)間均被記錄,如果充電時(shí)間過長或充電時(shí)間過短,,均會(huì)跳至對應(yīng)的程序段,,或點(diǎn)亮信號(hào)燈,或蜂鳴報(bào)警,,或強(qiáng)制結(jié)束程序,,這使得充電狀態(tài)一目了然。
1.3 變壓器設(shè)計(jì)簡介
由于電池的充電電流不可以為零,,所以本充電器必須工作在連續(xù)工作模式下,,反激變壓器即使工作在電流連續(xù)模式,盡管總安匝不會(huì)停留在零,,但是,,對于反激變壓器的每個(gè)線圈來說,線圈電流總是處于斷續(xù)狀態(tài),。當(dāng)然電流(安匝)斷續(xù)更是如此,。這是因?yàn)殚_關(guān)期間,電流(安匝)在初級(jí)和次級(jí)之間來回轉(zhuǎn)換,,即初級(jí)安匝減少時(shí),,次級(jí)安匝等量增加,反之亦然,。雖然總安匝是連續(xù)的,,紋波很小,但每個(gè)線圈的電流交
替由零到最高峰值之間變化,。無論什么工作模式,,線圈交流損耗大,。
為了降低成本,本例中使用的開關(guān)器件是IRF840(500 V,、8 A),,這使得變壓器的匝數(shù)比不可能太大,因?yàn)槭须娊?jīng)整流濾波后的電壓約為300VDC,,充電器的最高輸出電壓約為45VDC,設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)設(shè)定匝數(shù)比N1/N2為2,,這樣IRF840芯片約有100VDC的漏感尖峰裕度,,降幅較為可靠。
變壓器的初級(jí)和次級(jí)的伏秒數(shù)要保持平衡,,由此可推算出開關(guān)管的最大開通時(shí)間
式中,,為變壓器原邊的最低輸入電壓,T為開關(guān)周期,,VO為輸出電壓,,N1為初級(jí)匝數(shù),N2為次級(jí)匝數(shù),,這里忽略了電路中開關(guān)管和二極管的導(dǎo)通壓降,。
假設(shè)充電器的效率為80%,充電器的輸出功率為100 W,,由于開關(guān)管的最大導(dǎo)通時(shí)間出現(xiàn)在輸入電壓最低的時(shí)候,,可推得變壓器的初級(jí)電感量
式中,PO為輸出功率,。
為保證本充電器可以可靠的工作在連續(xù)電流模式下,,經(jīng)調(diào)試,變壓器的實(shí)際參數(shù)如下:磁芯采用TDK的PC40EER40磁芯,,磁芯芯柱的氣隙設(shè)為1.58 mm,,骨架采用排距25 mm、針距5 mm,、6x6針的立式骨架,。初級(jí)繞組用0.64mm高強(qiáng)度漆包線繞97匝,電感量780 μH,;次級(jí)繞組用0.64 mm高強(qiáng)度漆包線三線并繞50匝,,電感量為208 μH。初次級(jí)之間墊入3層聚脂薄膜,,不浸漆,。
2 總結(jié)
經(jīng)測試,本充電器的最高輸出功率可達(dá)90 W,,效率約85%,,整機(jī)成本約20元人民幣,,具有很強(qiáng)的市場競爭力。
由于單片機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度的限制,,使用單片機(jī)模擬電源管理IC無法做到使反饋環(huán)路非常穩(wěn)定,,這給電路的熱設(shè)計(jì)增加了難度。如果要優(yōu)化熱設(shè)計(jì),,可采用給單片機(jī)外置振蕩器,,將其工作頻率提高到20 MHz的方法,也可以將恒流充電階段再分成若干個(gè)階段,,隨著充電器輸出電壓的提高,,逐漸的降低輸出電流以降低輸出功率,以延長充電時(shí)間為代價(jià)來降低充電器的發(fā)熱量,,可以大幅降低充電器的工作溫度,。
本設(shè)計(jì)是采用單片機(jī)模擬電源管理IC,實(shí)現(xiàn)電源智能化的一次成功嘗試,,通過本次嘗試,,相信可以大大擴(kuò)展智能化電源的設(shè)計(jì)思路。