《電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用》
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使用SPCE061A的指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
摘要: 文章介紹了以凌陽SPCE061A為核心的一種新型指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng),,該系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,可靠性強(qiáng),,操作方便,,可廣泛應(yīng)用于需要指紋識(shí)別的各種場(chǎng)合,。詳細(xì)介紹了系統(tǒng)的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案,以及指紋采樣算法,,最后介紹了軟件設(shè)計(jì)方法及流程圖,。
關(guān)鍵詞: RF|微波 指紋識(shí)別 SPCE061A
Abstract:
Key words :

1  引言

    指紋是指手指末端正面皮膚上凸凹不平產(chǎn)生的紋路,。盡管指紋只是人體皮膚的一小部分,,但是,,它蘊(yùn)涵大量的信息。這些皮膚的紋路在圖案,、斷點(diǎn)和交叉點(diǎn)上是各不相同的,,在信息處理中將它們稱作“特征”,依靠特征的唯一性,,就可以把用戶同他的指紋對(duì)應(yīng)起來,通過比較輸入的指紋特征和預(yù)先保存的合法指紋特征,,就可以驗(yàn)證用戶的真實(shí)身份,。

    以前的各種指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)屬于光學(xué)識(shí)別系統(tǒng),由于光不能穿透皮膚表層,,所以只能夠掃描手指皮膚的表面,,或者掃描到死性皮膚層,但不能深入真皮層,。在這種情況下,,手指表面的干凈程度,直接影響到識(shí)別的效果,。如果,,用戶手指上粘了較多的灰塵,可能就會(huì)出現(xiàn)識(shí)別出錯(cuò)的情況,。并且,,如果人們按照手指,做一個(gè)指紋手模,,也可能通過識(shí)別系統(tǒng),,對(duì)于用戶而言,使用起來不是很安全和穩(wěn)定,。

    本系統(tǒng)采用了凌陽SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" 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title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" 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title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A" title="SPCE061A">SPCE061A單片機(jī)作為控制核心,,SPCE061A不僅僅是具有單片機(jī)的控制功能,,它還是一款運(yùn)算能力很強(qiáng)的DSP芯片;對(duì)于指紋的采集,,本系統(tǒng)采用了富士通公司的新型指紋傳感器MBF300,,這種電容傳感器發(fā)出的電子信號(hào)可以穿過手指的表面和死性皮膚層,達(dá)到手指皮膚的真皮層,,直接讀取指紋圖案,,從而大大提高了該系統(tǒng)的安全性。

2  系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

    SPCE061A的指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)方案如圖1所示,。

 

圖1  指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)總體設(shè)計(jì)方案

    本系統(tǒng)采用凌陽公司的SPCE061A單片機(jī),,它是將控制功能、數(shù)據(jù)處理功能以及數(shù)字信號(hào)處理(DSP)功能集于一身的一種新型單片機(jī),。它的CPU采用凌陽最新推出的16位微處理芯片,,工作頻率可達(dá)到40MHz。它的指令系統(tǒng)提供了16位乘法運(yùn)算指令和內(nèi)積運(yùn)算指令,,可以對(duì)指紋模板進(jìn)行高速的DSP處理,。它的內(nèi)部采用總線結(jié)構(gòu),減少了各個(gè)功能部件之間的連線,,提高了可靠性和抗干擾能力,。它的結(jié)構(gòu)采用模塊化,易于系統(tǒng)的擴(kuò)展,。它的中斷處理能力較強(qiáng),,適用于各種實(shí)時(shí)控制領(lǐng)域。它的地址線達(dá)到22根,,可以擴(kuò)展4M空間的程序和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)器,,適合指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器容量較大的要求。它的低功耗和低電壓工作模式也使它特別適合于電池供電的指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng),。

    MBF300是富士通開發(fā)出的一種微型指紋傳感器,,系統(tǒng)利用MBF300將采樣指紋模板輸入到單片機(jī)中進(jìn)行比較分析。它是利用手指在傳感器表面滑動(dòng)進(jìn)行指紋的采樣,,所以被稱為掃描型傳感器,。

    鍵盤和LCD都是I/O設(shè)備。鍵盤可以讓用戶修改信息和輸入ID號(hào),,增強(qiáng)該系統(tǒng)的安全性,;LCD采用CHIPS65545,用于顯示界面信息,為防電磁干擾和信號(hào)衰減,,LCD連接線必須作一些特殊處理,。

3  MBF300傳感器的基本原理及特點(diǎn)

    電容式傳感器可以將物體、圖形,、文字等具有二維的圖象轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào),。MBF300屬于電容式傳感器,。它由一個(gè)2維金屬電極陣列構(gòu)成。一端為固定極板,,而人的手指皮膚則作為活動(dòng)極板,。當(dāng)手指置于感應(yīng)器上時(shí),一個(gè)微細(xì)的信號(hào)從驅(qū)動(dòng)環(huán)耦合到手指真皮表層上,,并隨著指紋的紋脊和紋谷的變化而變化,。感應(yīng)器偵測(cè)這種細(xì)微變化,對(duì)感應(yīng)信號(hào)放大,,經(jīng)模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換后,,從而最終形成精確的指紋圖象。

3.1  MBF300傳感器的基本原理

MBF300電容式傳感器的基本原理如圖2所示,。

 

圖2  MBF300傳感器的基本原理圖

    S是固定極板,,H為活動(dòng)極板,即用戶的手指指紋,。當(dāng)活動(dòng)極板因被測(cè)參數(shù)的改變而引起移動(dòng)時(shí),,兩極板間的距離d發(fā)生變化,從而改變了兩極板之間的電容量,。設(shè)兩極板相互覆蓋的有效面積為A(M2),,兩極板間的距離為d(M),板極間介質(zhì)的介電常數(shù)為ε(F·m-1),,在忽略板極邊緣影響的條件下,,其靜態(tài)電容量C(F)為:

  3.2 

 MBF300傳感器的特點(diǎn)

    MBF300表面保護(hù)膜異常堅(jiān)硬,使得該傳感器經(jīng)久耐用,。它的工作電壓為2.8V~5V,所以可以利用電池進(jìn)行供電,。它具有256*32像素感應(yīng)矩陣,,使得指紋的特征采樣數(shù)據(jù)更精確。它的總線接口分別支持USB1.1,、增強(qiáng)型8位微處理器接口和SPI串行接口,。SPCE061A利用USB接口芯片PDIUSBD12和MBF300指紋傳感器進(jìn)行通信。

4軟件設(shè)計(jì)

4.1指紋識(shí)別算法

    人類的指紋由緊密相鄰的凹凸紋路構(gòu)成,,根據(jù)公式3-2,,通過對(duì)每個(gè)像素點(diǎn)上利用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考放電電流,便可檢測(cè)到指紋的紋路狀況,,具體算法分為四部分,。

4.1.1指紋識(shí)別預(yù)處理算法

   指紋識(shí)別預(yù)處理的目的是使指紋圖像更清晰,邊緣更明顯,,以便提取指紋的特征點(diǎn)進(jìn)行識(shí)別,。本文采取極值濾波和改進(jìn)的平滑濾波進(jìn)行噪聲消除,,使圖像不失真;采取拉普拉斯銳化對(duì)指紋進(jìn)行紋線增強(qiáng),,突出邊緣信息,,為背景分離算法提供方便。

4.1.2背景分離

   采用迭代閥值的方法對(duì)指紋圖像進(jìn)行閥值分割,。在圖像處理中,,反復(fù)地用一種運(yùn)算直至條件滿足而得到輸出圖像的方法稱為迭代。迭代閥值方法如下:

 ①設(shè)定初始灰度閾值T(如令T=127),,指指紋圖像的灰度值分為兩組R1和R2,。

 ②計(jì)算兩組的平均灰度值u1和u2。

 ③重新設(shè)定新的灰度閾值T,。新的T定義為:T=(u1+u2)/2,。

 ④依據(jù)新的T對(duì)指紋圖像進(jìn)行閥值分割。

 這種方法是以自適應(yīng)的閥值對(duì)指紋圖像進(jìn)行二值化處理,。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,,該方法比設(shè)定固定閥值進(jìn)行處理更有普遍意義,且行之有效,。

4.1.3  特征點(diǎn)提取

    采用脊跟蹤法,,其基本思想是直接對(duì)圖象進(jìn)行脊線跟蹤,在跟蹤過程中檢測(cè)和提取特征點(diǎn),。

4.1.4分類算法

    指紋被分成5大類:拱類,、做環(huán)類、右環(huán)類,、尖拱類和旋渦類,,預(yù)先使用全局特征排序,可以加速指紋的匹配服務(wù),。

 

4.2程序流程

    當(dāng)系統(tǒng)處于空閑狀態(tài)時(shí),,SPCE061A利用P_SystemClock單元寫入CPUCLK STOP控制字,使系統(tǒng)從運(yùn)行狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)入睡眠狀態(tài),,關(guān)閉系統(tǒng)時(shí)鐘(PLL振蕩器),。當(dāng)用戶有指紋或按鍵輸入時(shí), 系統(tǒng)接收到喚醒信號(hào)后接通PLL振蕩器,,同時(shí)CPU會(huì)響應(yīng)喚醒事件的處理并進(jìn)行初始化,。利用IRQ3_KEY為觸鍵喚醒源,利用FIQ為MBF300指紋傳感器輸入喚醒源,。下面是程序流程圖3和IRQ3_KEY喚醒程序的部分代碼,。

 

圖3  程序流程圖

R1=0x0000;            //設(shè)置A口為帶下拉電阻的輸入口

[P_IOA_Attrib]=R1;    //設(shè)置3個(gè)屬性向量

[P_IOA_Dir]=R1,;

[P_IOA_Data]=R1,;     //中斷設(shè)置(允許IRQ3_KEY觸鍵中斷)

INT OFF;           //關(guān)中斷

R1=0x0080,;         //設(shè)置中斷標(biāo)置

[P_Int_Ctrl]=R1,;

INT IRQ;           //開中斷

//讀P_IOA_Latch單元,,以鎖存IOA[0~7]的數(shù)據(jù),,用于觸鍵喚醒

R1=[P_IOA_Latch];  //鎖存A口低8位的數(shù)據(jù)

//將P_SystemClock(寫)7013H單元的第0~2位置為“111”,,使系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入睡眠狀態(tài),,

R1=0x0007;                 //系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入睡眠狀態(tài)

[P_SystemClock]=R1,;

//IRQ3子程序(端口A的觸鍵喚醒源被觸發(fā)后,,調(diào)用IRQ3 中斷服務(wù)子程序):

.TEXT

.PUBLIC _IRQ3

 _IRQ3:

    R1 = 0x0100;               //比較是否為L(zhǎng)_IRQ3_Ext1中斷

    TEST R1,[P_INT_Ctrl],;

    JNZ L_IRQ3_Ext1,;           //是,則進(jìn)入,;否,,進(jìn)行下面的判斷

    R1 = 0x0200;

    TEST R1,[P_INT_Ctrl],;      //是否為L(zhǎng)_IRQ3_Ext2中斷

    JNZ L_IRQ3_Ext2,;           //是,進(jìn)入該中斷,;否,,執(zhí)行下面的程序

L_IRQ3_KeyChange_WakeUp:        //不是上面的兩種中斷則一定為鍵喚醒中斷

    R1 = 0x0080;               //清除IRQ3觸鍵中斷請(qǐng)求

    [P_INT_Clear]= R1,;

      :

    (處理系統(tǒng)被喚醒后的任務(wù)) 

      :      

    RETI

L_IRQ3_Ext2:

    [P_INT_Clear] = R1,;            //清除IRQ3_EXT2中斷請(qǐng)求

    RETI

L_IRQ3_Ext1:

    [P_INT_Clear] = R1;            //清除IRQ3_EXT1中斷請(qǐng)求

    RETI

    相對(duì)于其它指紋識(shí)別系統(tǒng)控制核心大多數(shù)是DSP運(yùn)算能力強(qiáng),,但控制能力差的缺點(diǎn),本系統(tǒng)最大的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)是控制核心采用了既具有單片機(jī)的控制功能,,又具有強(qiáng)大的DSP運(yùn)算能力于一體的16位SOC芯片SPCE061A,,使本系統(tǒng)在進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的擴(kuò)展后即可以在指紋鎖、無鑰汽車,、PDA設(shè)備,、大型門禁系統(tǒng)等各種需要指紋控制的領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行廣泛的應(yīng)用。

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