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title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" 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title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)" title="車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)">車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)常用的VHF/UHF單信道呼叫網(wǎng),、集群移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)的特點(diǎn),,以及GSM提供的幾種業(yè)務(wù),,進(jìn)而提出利用GSM的短消息業(yè)務(wù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的方案,設(shè)計(jì)了系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和組網(wǎng)方式,,并指出系統(tǒng)的容量由短消息服務(wù)中心的處理能力和無(wú)線信令信道的承載能力決定。
關(guān)鍵詞: 全球衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)(GPS) GSM短消息業(yè)務(wù) 車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)
1 車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)
現(xiàn)代車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)是一種集全球衛(wèi)星定位技術(shù)(GPS),、地理信息技術(shù)(GIS)和現(xiàn)代通信技術(shù)于一體的高科技系統(tǒng),。它將移動(dòng)目標(biāo)的動(dòng)態(tài)位置(經(jīng)度、緯度),、時(shí)間,、狀態(tài)等信息,實(shí)時(shí)地通過(guò)無(wú)線通信鏈路傳送至監(jiān)控中心站,,而后在具有地理信息查詢功能的電子地圖上進(jìn)行移動(dòng)目標(biāo)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的顯示,,并對(duì)目標(biāo)的位置、速度,、運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,、車輛狀態(tài)等用戶感興趣的參數(shù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和查詢,。為調(diào)度管理提供可視化依據(jù),特別適合公安,、銀行,、保安、機(jī)場(chǎng)等單位對(duì)某些特種車輛的監(jiān)控和調(diào)度管理,。
車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示,,各移動(dòng)車輛的組成與功能完全相同。
移動(dòng)車輛配備的GPS接收機(jī)用以獲取自己當(dāng)前的位置,、時(shí)間等信息,,然后通過(guò)通信鏈路向監(jiān)控中心站發(fā)送狀態(tài)和位置等信息;在監(jiān)控中心站,,無(wú)線接收機(jī)接收各子站的位置信息,,并通過(guò)通信控制器送往電子地圖,顯示各移動(dòng)車輛的運(yùn)行軌跡,。系統(tǒng)由監(jiān)控軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)各移動(dòng)車輛的狀態(tài)監(jiān)控,,并可利用無(wú)線通信對(duì)各移動(dòng)車輛進(jìn)行調(diào)度指揮,這樣就實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)各移動(dòng)車輛的監(jiān)控管理,。
根據(jù)目前我國(guó)移動(dòng)通信的現(xiàn)狀,,組建車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)一般利用現(xiàn)有的具有數(shù)據(jù)傳輸功能的通信系統(tǒng),以降低成本,,或利用不具備數(shù)據(jù)傳輸功能的模擬通信系統(tǒng),,對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行一定的改造,開(kāi)發(fā)接口與控制電路,,采用音頻調(diào)制解調(diào)器(MODEM),,把數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)制在模擬通信所能夠傳輸?shù)囊纛l帶寬內(nèi),使之能夠用以傳輸數(shù)據(jù),。目前GPS車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)常用的通信方案主要有:VHF/UHF單信道呼叫網(wǎng),、集群移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)。VHF/UHF單信道呼叫網(wǎng)屬于早期的移動(dòng)通信方式,,用這種通信網(wǎng)實(shí)現(xiàn)的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)各移動(dòng)車臺(tái)可采用時(shí)分多路(TDMA)方式來(lái)避免不同車輛之間的相互干擾,,保證移動(dòng)車臺(tái)與監(jiān)控中心站之間的正常通信,各移動(dòng)車臺(tái)按照事先規(guī)定好的時(shí)隙向監(jiān)控中心站發(fā)送定位信息,,監(jiān)控中心站可以將調(diào)度命令在某一固定的時(shí)隙發(fā)送給移動(dòng)臺(tái),。監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的容量由每臺(tái)車發(fā)送信息占用的時(shí)間和發(fā)送定位信息的頻度來(lái)決定,目前一個(gè)頻率點(diǎn)可以監(jiān)控約120臺(tái)車,。集群通信系統(tǒng)(Trunk Mobile Radio System)是專用調(diào)度通信系統(tǒng),,是共享頻率資源、分擔(dān)費(fèi)用、共享信道資源,、改善服務(wù)的多用途,、高效能的無(wú)線調(diào)度系統(tǒng)。集群移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng)多樣化的呼叫方式如群呼,、組呼等加強(qiáng)了控制中心對(duì)車輛的調(diào)度能力,。基于集群系統(tǒng)的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)也有與單信道呼叫網(wǎng)相似的缺點(diǎn),。由于集群系統(tǒng)屬于專用移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng),,因此集群網(wǎng)的覆蓋范圍一般不大,容量也不可能太大,,這就限制了車輛監(jiān)控的范圍,不能滿足大范圍車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的需要,;而且由于集群系統(tǒng)一般采用大區(qū)制,,通信受多徑干擾以及通信盲區(qū)的問(wèn)題依然不能改善,數(shù)據(jù)通信質(zhì)量較差,。
若出租汽車管理局建立了這樣的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),,就可以根據(jù)電子地圖上動(dòng)態(tài)顯示的出租車的位置,準(zhǔn)確地指揮,、調(diào)度,,以響應(yīng)用戶的服務(wù)。同樣,,此系統(tǒng)也非常適用于公安部門110指揮中心,、銀行押款車等。
2 基于GSM短消息業(yè)務(wù)的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
GSM(Global System for Mobile communication) 系統(tǒng)是目前基于時(shí)分多址技術(shù)的移動(dòng)通信體制中最成熟,、最完善,、應(yīng)用最廣的一種系統(tǒng)。我國(guó)目前已建成了覆蓋全國(guó)的GSM數(shù)字蜂窩移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng),,是我國(guó)公眾陸地移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)的主要方式,。它提供多種業(yè)務(wù),主要有話音業(yè)務(wù),、短消息業(yè)務(wù),、數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)等,選擇那一種業(yè)務(wù)傳送GPS車輛定位數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的性能有很大的關(guān)系,。
2.1 車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)通信組網(wǎng)的GSM業(yè)務(wù)選擇
GSM的最基本的業(yè)務(wù)是話音業(yè)務(wù),,根據(jù)以前在集群電臺(tái)傳輸GPS數(shù)據(jù)的經(jīng)驗(yàn),GPS數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)音頻調(diào)制解調(diào)器轉(zhuǎn)換成3.1kHz音頻信號(hào),,加到移動(dòng)臺(tái)的音頻輸入來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,。但由于GSM是數(shù)字移動(dòng)通信系統(tǒng),這樣既不需要也不可行,首先是GSM本來(lái)就具有數(shù)據(jù)傳輸能力,,提供數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù),;再者,音頻調(diào)制解調(diào)器輸出的高端頻率一般都在2.0kHz以上,,若這樣的信號(hào)加在GSM移動(dòng)終端的音頻接口上,,大于1300Hz的信號(hào)將有較大的失真從而導(dǎo)致接收端音頻調(diào)制解調(diào)器不能夠正確解調(diào)出音頻信號(hào)所攜帶的數(shù)據(jù)。測(cè)試表明,,在話音通帶上用符合CCITT V.23建議的1200bit/s的調(diào)制解調(diào)器傳輸數(shù)據(jù),,其工作是不能令人滿意的。而根據(jù)CCITT V.21建議(300bit/s)的話音通帶數(shù)據(jù),,傳輸性能不會(huì)嚴(yán)重下降,,但這樣的速率是不能為車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)用戶所接受的。因此,,音頻調(diào)制解調(diào)的方式不可用,。
第二種選擇是數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù),GSM提供2400bps,、4800bps,、9600bps的異步數(shù)據(jù)傳輸能力,可用于傳輸GPS定位數(shù)據(jù),。但GSM是公眾網(wǎng),,其業(yè)務(wù)的使用需要通過(guò)撥號(hào)建立連接,一旦建立連接即需要計(jì)費(fèi),。目前中國(guó)電信GSM的最小計(jì)費(fèi)時(shí)間是1分鐘,,GPS每次的定位數(shù)據(jù)不到20字節(jié),采用效率為50%的編碼方式也不到40個(gè)字節(jié),,若按9600bps的速率,,傳輸一次GPS位置數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)間大約0.04s。而計(jì)費(fèi)按1分鐘計(jì),,加上撥號(hào)處理時(shí)延,,用數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)傳輸GPS定位數(shù)據(jù)是極不經(jīng)濟(jì)的,若把一段時(shí)間的位置數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)起來(lái),,當(dāng)調(diào)度中心需要時(shí)一起發(fā)送到中心站則是可行的,。可以選用GSM的數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)作為查詢模式時(shí)的通信方案,。
第三種是短消息業(yè)務(wù),,GSM的短消息業(yè)務(wù)分為兩種:點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)短消息業(yè)務(wù)和短消息小區(qū)廣播業(yè)務(wù),但目前短消息小區(qū)廣播業(yè)務(wù)還沒(méi)有開(kāi)放,。點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)短消息業(yè)務(wù)能夠使GSM數(shù)字移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)的用戶可以發(fā)出或接收長(zhǎng)度有限(不超過(guò)140個(gè)字節(jié))的數(shù)字或文字消息,,并且短消息的收發(fā)不影響通話,;短消息業(yè)務(wù)可以使網(wǎng)絡(luò)端知道被叫方是否已經(jīng)收到短消息,如果傳送失敗,,被叫方?jīng)]有回答確切消息,,網(wǎng)絡(luò)一側(cè)會(huì)保留所傳的消息,一旦網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn)被叫方能被叫通時(shí),,消息能被重發(fā)以確保被叫方能收到,。
GSM的短消息業(yè)務(wù)利用信令信道傳輸,是GSM通信網(wǎng)所特有的,,它不用撥號(hào)建立連接,,直接把要發(fā)的信息加上目的地址發(fā)送到短消息服務(wù)中心,由短消息服務(wù)中心再發(fā)送給最終的信宿,,短消息每次限制在140個(gè)字節(jié)以內(nèi),,這對(duì)GPS定位數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)講足夠了。短消息業(yè)務(wù)用于GPS車輛監(jiān)控最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于其無(wú)需建立連接,,服務(wù)費(fèi)用低(以北京電信目前的收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,短消息每月收費(fèi)15元),這適于把每次定位數(shù)據(jù)隨時(shí)發(fā)送到監(jiān)控中心,。
綜上所述,,我們選用GSM的短消息業(yè)務(wù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)GPS車輛監(jiān)控,。
2.2 通信組網(wǎng)方案設(shè)計(jì)
監(jiān)控中心站通過(guò)GSM通信網(wǎng)與移動(dòng)中的車輛進(jìn)行通話,、短消息傳輸。接收短消息可用GSM用戶終端(如手機(jī),,車載臺(tái)),,也可以用ISDN方式直接連接到移動(dòng)通信局的短消息服務(wù)中心,這樣接收短消息更迅捷,,系統(tǒng)容量可以更大,。
用GSM實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中心站的原理框圖如圖2。
移動(dòng)站由GSM移動(dòng)終端(手機(jī)或車載臺(tái)),、GPS接收機(jī)和控制處理單元組成,。其框圖如圖3所示。
控制單元功能包括接收GPS定位數(shù)據(jù),、與GSM移動(dòng)臺(tái)接口,、控制移動(dòng)臺(tái)自動(dòng)撥號(hào)和自動(dòng)收發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)、收發(fā)短消息,、顯示車輛位置,、自動(dòng)/人工報(bào)警、遙控制動(dòng)汽車等,。報(bào)警主要用于車輛故障或特殊情況下使用,。報(bào)警時(shí)可報(bào)告車輛編號(hào),、狀況、位置等信息,,監(jiān)控中心收到報(bào)警信息后可遙控該車熄火,,致使報(bào)警車輛不能離開(kāi)出事地點(diǎn)。
GPS接收機(jī)用來(lái)接收GPS衛(wèi)星發(fā)來(lái)的信號(hào)并解算出定位信息,,由控制單元讀取,、顯示、并通過(guò)GSM送達(dá)監(jiān)控中心,。
移動(dòng)終端提供話音,、短消息業(yè)務(wù),控制單元可以向移動(dòng)終端發(fā)送撥號(hào)等控制命令以溝通話音,、收發(fā)短消息,。車上控制單元把接收到的GPS定位數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)GSM的短消息業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)送到中心站。GSM的短消息可與通話同時(shí)進(jìn)行而互不影響,。對(duì)一些特殊車輛需要實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控的,,可以用GSM的數(shù)據(jù)通信業(yè)務(wù),GSM提供高達(dá)9600bps的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率,,但費(fèi)用比短消息要高,。本系統(tǒng)采用短消息業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行定位數(shù)據(jù)傳送,同時(shí)還可以通話,。
2.3 性能分析
移動(dòng)用戶通過(guò)GSM網(wǎng)將短消息輸入至SC(短消息服務(wù)中心),,由SC通過(guò)MSC(移動(dòng)交換中心)將短消息發(fā)送至指定的移動(dòng)用戶。移動(dòng)臺(tái)發(fā)送短消息至SC和SC將短消息發(fā)送至指定移動(dòng)用戶是兩個(gè)相同
的信令過(guò)程,,只是方向相反,。其中影響流量的接口主要有兩個(gè):MS(移動(dòng)臺(tái))與BSS(基站)之間的接口——Um接口(無(wú)線接口)、BSS與MSC之間的接口——A接口,。A接口采用7號(hào)信令的信號(hào)接續(xù)控制部分,,其物理層連接采用PCM一次群(2.048Mb/s),而Um接口的信道速率是270.83kb/s,,每時(shí)隙信道比特率是22.8kb/s,。
以上分析,基于GSM短消息業(yè)務(wù)的車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)的容量主要由短消息服務(wù)中心的處理能力和無(wú)線信令信道的承載能力決定,。短消息處理中心的忙時(shí)處理能力一般在每秒120條信息以上(以大唐電信的SMC30短消息中心為例),,容量支持150萬(wàn)用戶以上,消息存儲(chǔ)時(shí)延小于1s(95%的概率),。
總之,,基于已進(jìn)行的跑車實(shí)驗(yàn),可以得出結(jié)論:GSM作為公用陸地移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng),,具有其他通信方式所不可比擬的優(yōu)越性,,它通信范圍廣,、容量大、提供數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù),,短消息業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠,,是車輛監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)比較好的一種數(shù)據(jù)傳輸方式。但它的調(diào)度管理功能比較弱,,可以通過(guò)監(jiān)控中心站的管理軟件來(lái)加強(qiáng),。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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7 ITU-T Recommandation V.25 ter,Serial asynchronous automatic dialing and control
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