《電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用》
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用ARM7+μC/OS-II設(shè)計(jì)的基于S3C4510B的信號(hào)采集系統(tǒng)
摘要： 介紹了一種用ARM7+μC/OSII設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng),。給出了系統(tǒng)原理框圖,，實(shí)現(xiàn)了將嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)植入該系統(tǒng)中，列出了軟件設(shè)計(jì)的要點(diǎn),。
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摘　要：介紹了一種用ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" 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title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" 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title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7+μC/OSII設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng),。給出了系統(tǒng)原理框圖,，實(shí)現(xiàn)了將嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)植入該系統(tǒng)中，列出了軟件設(shè)計(jì)的要點(diǎn),。

       在一些工業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)中,，設(shè)備長(zhǎng)時(shí)間運(yùn)行容易出現(xiàn)故障，為了監(jiān)控這些設(shè)備,，通常利用數(shù)據(jù)采集裝置采集他們運(yùn)行時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)并送給PC機(jī),，通過(guò)運(yùn)行在PC機(jī)上的特定軟件對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析，以此判斷當(dāng)前運(yùn)行設(shè)備的狀況,，進(jìn)而采取相應(yīng)措施,。當(dāng)前常用的數(shù)據(jù)采集裝置，在其系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)中,，多采用單任務(wù)順序機(jī)制,。這樣就存在系統(tǒng)安全性差的問(wèn)題。這對(duì)于穩(wěn)定性,、實(shí)時(shí)性要求很高的數(shù)據(jù)采集裝置來(lái)說(shuō)是不允許的,，因此有必要引入嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)。筆者以μC/OSII為操作系統(tǒng)平臺(tái),，基于ARM7系列處理器,，對(duì)一種高性能的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)行了探索。

　　1 μC/OSII嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介
　　嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)μC/OSII（microcontroller operating system）是專為微控制器系統(tǒng)和軟件開(kāi)發(fā)而設(shè)計(jì)的公開(kāi)源代碼的搶占式實(shí)時(shí)多任務(wù)操作系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核,，是一段微控制器啟動(dòng)后首先執(zhí)行的背景程序,，作為整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的框架貫穿系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的始終。對(duì)于對(duì)實(shí)時(shí)性和穩(wěn)定性要求很高的數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),，引入μC/OSII無(wú)疑將大大改善其性能,。
 
　　μC/OSII的特點(diǎn)可以概括為以下幾個(gè)方面：公開(kāi)源代碼，代碼結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,、明了,，注釋詳盡，組織有條理,，可移植性好,，可裁剪，可固化,。內(nèi)核屬于搶占式,，最多可以管理60個(gè)任務(wù)。μC/OSII自1992年的第一版（μC/OS）以來(lái)已經(jīng)有好幾百個(gè)應(yīng)用,，是一個(gè)經(jīng)實(shí)踐證明好用且穩(wěn)定可靠的內(nèi)核,。目前國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)μC/OSII的研究和應(yīng)用都很多。
 
　　2 系統(tǒng)基本工作原理
　　應(yīng)用時(shí),，數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)置于被監(jiān)控的設(shè)備處,，通過(guò)傳感器對(duì)設(shè)備的電壓或者電流信號(hào)進(jìn)行采樣、保持,，并送入A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器變成數(shù)字信號(hào),，然后將該信號(hào)送到FIFO中。當(dāng)FIFO中存放的數(shù)據(jù)到了一定數(shù)目時(shí),，由ARM7從FIFO中讀出,，然后通過(guò)ARM7的以太網(wǎng)接口或者RS232送給上位機(jī)?？紤]到要監(jiān)控的設(shè)備可能會(huì)很多,，所以設(shè)計(jì)了多路采集通道，他們經(jīng)過(guò)模擬開(kāi)關(guān)后再進(jìn)入A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器,。CPLD是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的控制核心,，他控制采集通道的切換,、A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器的啟/停、轉(zhuǎn)換后的數(shù)據(jù)在FIFO中的存放地址發(fā)生器,、產(chǎn)生中斷請(qǐng)求以通知ARM7讀取存放在FIFO中的數(shù)據(jù)等,。
 
　　3系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)
　　系統(tǒng)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)框圖如圖1所示。該系統(tǒng)采用了Samsung公司的S3C4510B作為系統(tǒng)與上位機(jī)溝通的橋梁,，S3C4510B是基于以太網(wǎng)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的高性價(jià)比16/32位RISC微控制器,，他有如下幾個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)：
　　硬件方面內(nèi)含一個(gè)由ARM公司設(shè)計(jì)的16/32位ARM7TDMI RISC處理器核，ARM7TDMI為低功耗,、高性能的16/32核,，最適合用于對(duì)價(jià)格及功耗敏感的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合。S3C4510B通過(guò)在ARM 7TDMI核內(nèi)容基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)展一系列完整地通用外圍器件,。
 
　　片上資源包括2個(gè)帶緩沖描述符（buffer descriptor）的HDLC通道,；2個(gè)UART通道；2個(gè)GD M A通道,；2個(gè)32位定時(shí)器,；18個(gè)可編程的I/O口。還有中斷控制器,；DRAM/SDRAM控制器,；ROM/S RAM和FLASH控制器；系統(tǒng)管理器,；1個(gè)內(nèi)部32位系統(tǒng)總線仲裁器,；1個(gè)外部存儲(chǔ)器控制器等片內(nèi)的邏輯控制電路。
 
　　這些為μC/OSII的移植提供了優(yōu)良的物理資源,。
 
　　軟件支持方面他有配套的代碼編輯調(diào)試環(huán)境ADS12和JTAG在線調(diào)試功能,，使S3C4510B芯片軟件可以直接用C編寫(xiě)，這就使μC/OSII的植入成為可能,。
 
　　12位高速A/D轉(zhuǎn)換電路采用Analog Devices的AD574,，該電路輸出具有三態(tài)鎖存功能。預(yù)處理電路包括了電流電壓互感器,、隔離電路和同步采樣電路,，他可以將信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成與AD574相匹配的量值，供后續(xù)處理,。通訊電路采用常用的以太網(wǎng)接口與上位機(jī)相連,，而232接口可作為備用，這樣該裝置既可作為便攜式系統(tǒng)使用,，也可通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)對(duì)設(shè)備實(shí)施實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控,。
 
　　4 軟件設(shè)計(jì)部分
　　軟件部分要分別編寫(xiě)S3C4510B部分的程序和CPLD控制程序。前者可分為μC/OSII的移植和各個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的編寫(xiě)，后者用VHDL語(yǔ)言實(shí)現(xiàn),。
　　對(duì)于S3C4510B部分,，根據(jù)整個(gè)裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能和對(duì)他的要求進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)任務(wù)分割，并根據(jù)實(shí)際需要為各個(gè)任務(wù)分配優(yōu)先級(jí),。系統(tǒng)大致可分為如下幾個(gè)任務(wù)：初始化CPLD控制參數(shù),；對(duì)FI FO的讀??；與上位機(jī)的TCP/IP通訊；與上位機(jī)的串口通訊,。對(duì)應(yīng)每個(gè)任務(wù),，需要編寫(xiě)相應(yīng)的應(yīng)用程序，軟件設(shè)計(jì)部分的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)有：
　?。?）μC/OSII內(nèi)核向S3C4510B中的移植,，要根據(jù)處理器的特點(diǎn)合理地修改μC/OS II的3個(gè)與處理器相關(guān)的文件：OS_CPUH，OS_CPU_AASM,，OS_CPU_C.C,。主要是將文件中的匯編指令，改為ARM7的匯編指令,，并根據(jù)CPU的特點(diǎn)對(duì)文件中寄存器的初值進(jìn)行改寫(xiě),。
　　（2）內(nèi)存配置問(wèn)題,。對(duì)于存儲(chǔ)器容量的設(shè)計(jì),，要綜合考慮μC/OSII內(nèi)核代碼和應(yīng)用程序代碼的大小。每個(gè)任務(wù)是獨(dú)立運(yùn)行的,，必須給每個(gè)任務(wù)提供單獨(dú)的?？臻g（RAM），RAM總量的計(jì)算公式為：
　　RAM總量＝應(yīng)用程序的RAM需求＋內(nèi)核數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)的RAM需求＋各任務(wù)棧需求之總和＋最多中斷嵌套所需堆棧
　?。?）TCP/IP協(xié)議在μC/OSII中的實(shí)現(xiàn),。為了滿足嵌入式設(shè)備與Internet網(wǎng)絡(luò)直接交換信息的要求，在μC/OSII中又移植了LwIP協(xié)議棧,。
　　LwIP是瑞士計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)院（Swedish Institute of Computer Science）的Adam Dunkels等開(kāi)發(fā)的一套用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)放源代碼TCP/IP協(xié)議棧,。LwIP的含義是Light Weight(輕型)IP協(xié)議。LwIP可以移植到操作系統(tǒng)上,，也可以在無(wú)操作系統(tǒng)的情況下獨(dú)立運(yùn)行,。LwIP TC P/IP實(shí)現(xiàn)的重點(diǎn)是在保持TCP協(xié)議主要功能的基礎(chǔ)上減少對(duì)RAM的占用，一般他只需要幾十k的RAM和40 k左右的ROM就可以運(yùn)行,，這使LwIP協(xié)議棧適合在低端嵌入式系統(tǒng)中使用,。
　　LwIP的特性有：支持多網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口下的IP轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)；支持ICMP協(xié)議；包括實(shí)驗(yàn)性擴(kuò)展的的UDP（用戶數(shù)據(jù) 報(bào)協(xié)議）,；包括阻塞控制,、RTT估算、快速恢復(fù)和快速轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)的TCP（傳輸控制協(xié)議）,；提供專門的內(nèi)部回調(diào)接口（raw API）用于提高應(yīng)用程序性能,。
　　LwIP可以很容易地在μC/OSII的調(diào)度下，為系統(tǒng)增加網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信和網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理功能,。LwIP協(xié)議棧在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)就考慮到了將來(lái)的移植問(wèn)題,，他把所有與硬件，OS,，編譯器相關(guān)的部份獨(dú)立出來(lái),，放在/src/arch目錄下。因此LwIP在μC/OSII上的實(shí)現(xiàn)就是修改這個(gè)目錄下的文件,，其他的文件一般不應(yīng)該修改,。在驅(qū)動(dòng)中主要是根據(jù)S3C4510B內(nèi)的以太網(wǎng)控制特殊功能寄存器，編寫(xiě)網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口的處發(fā)送包,、接收包函數(shù),，初始化以及用于以太網(wǎng)控制器的外部中斷服務(wù)程序。
　
　　采用基于ARM7的S3C4510B嵌入式微處理器,，可以使系統(tǒng)小型化,，便于提高性能以及與各種外設(shè)連接擴(kuò)展，同時(shí)降低了成本,。μC/OSII作為一個(gè)源代碼公開(kāi)的操作系統(tǒng),，在具體應(yīng)用種穩(wěn)定可靠。本系統(tǒng)采用ARM7+μC/OSII開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì),，具有精度高,、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定、實(shí)時(shí)性好,、抗干擾能力強(qiáng),、性價(jià)比高的特點(diǎn)，可以在各種工業(yè)場(chǎng)合中廣泛應(yīng)用,，達(dá)到了設(shè)計(jì)的初衷,。
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