據(jù)路透社報(bào)道,，美國(guó)正在考慮對(duì)半導(dǎo)體制造設(shè)備及相關(guān)軟件工具,，激光器，傳感器和其他技術(shù)的出口實(shí)行新的限制,，以防止它們落入中國(guó)等美國(guó)對(duì)手的手中,。

　　美國(guó)商務(wù)部周三在政府網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布的消息稱(chēng),，它正在尋求公眾對(duì)如何定義新技術(shù)的意見(jiàn),，因?yàn)樗_定了在出口過(guò)程中“是否有特定的基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)需要采取更嚴(yán)格的控制措施”,。

　　過(guò)去兩年，特朗普政府以國(guó)家安全為由,，限制了對(duì)中國(guó)公司特別是電信公司華為技術(shù)公司的技術(shù)出口,。

　　特朗普政府表示，新興技術(shù)可用于“中國(guó),，俄羅斯或委內(nèi)瑞拉”等對(duì)手的軍隊(duì),。

　　去年,，美國(guó)政府最終敲定了一套狹窄的規(guī)定,，以限制量子計(jì)算和3D打印技術(shù)等產(chǎn)品的出口。

　　商務(wù)部稱(chēng),，公眾意見(jiàn)征詢(xún)期有望在尋求保護(hù)其技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)的行業(yè)中引起人們的興趣,，它將在明日預(yù)定于聯(lián)邦公報(bào)上公布，并于60天后結(jié)束,。

　　附美國(guó)官方消息：

　　Section 1758 （50 U.S.C. 4801） of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 （ECRA） requires the Department of Commerce to establish appropriate controls on the export, reexport, or transfer （in country） of emerging and foundational technologies. Under ECRA, emerging and foundational technologies are those technologies that are essential to the national security of the United States and are not critical technologies described in Section 721（a）（6）（A）（i）-（v） of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended （DPA）,。 ECRA notes the national security  importance of U.S. leadership in science, technology, engineering, and manufacturing, including foundational technology that is essential to innovation. Items subject to the Export Administration Regulations （EAR） （15 CFR parts 730 – 774） that are not covered by the DPA's definition of critical technologies are items controlled only for anti-terrorism （AT）， crime control （CC）,， or short supply （SS） reasons, subject to United Nations （UN） embargoes, or designated asEAR99.

　　Section 1758 of ECRA requires that foundational technologies be identified, and that BIS establish appropriate controls for that technology under the EAR. At a minimum, such controls would apply to countries subject to an embargo, including an arms embargo, imposed by the United States.

　　ECRA also requires that the interagency process is to take into account:

　　1,、The development of foundational technologies in foreign countries;

　　2、The effect export controls may have on the development of such technologies in the United States;

　　3,、The effectiveness of export controls imposed pursuant to ECRA on limiting the proliferation of foundational technologies to foreign countries.

　　For purposes of this ANPRM, the term foundational technologies includes not only “technology” but also “commodities” and “software” as used in the EAR.

　　BIS now seeks public comment to inform the interagency process to identify and describe foundational technologies. For example, foundational technologies could include items that are currently subject to control for military end use or military end user reasons under Supplement No. 2 to part 744 of the EAR. Many of these items, including semiconductor manufacturing equipment and associated software tools, lasers, sensors, and underwater systems, can be tied to indigenous military innovation efforts in China, Russia or Venezuela. Accordingly,they may pose a national security threat.

　　There may be additional items, classified on the CCL at the AT level or as EAR99 for which an export license is not required for countries subject to a U.S. arms embargo that also warrant review to determine if they are foundational technologies essential to the national security. For example, such controls may be reviewed if the items are being utilized or required for innovation in developing conventional weapons, enabling foreign intelligence collection activities, or weapons of mass destruction applications.

　　BIS, through an interagency process, seeks to determine whether there are specific foundational technologies that warrant more restrictive controls, including technologies that have been the subject of illicit procurement attempts which may demonstrate some level of dependency on U.S. technologies to further foreign military or intelligence capabilities in countries of concern or development of weapons of mass destruction.

　　BIS welcomes comments on:

　　1） how to further define foundational technology to assist in identification of such items;

　　2） sources to identify such items;

　　3） criteria to determine whether controlled items identified in AT level Export Control Classification Numbers （ECCNs）,， in whole or in part, or covered by EAR99 categories, for which a license is not required to countries subject to a U.S. arms embargo, are essential to U.S. national security;

　　4） the status of development of foundational technologies in the United States and other countries;

　　5） the impact specific foundational technology controls may have on the development of such technologies in the U.S.;

　　6） examples of implementing controls based on end-use and/or end-user rather than, or in addition to, technology based controls;

　　7） any enabling technologies, including tooling, testing, and certification equipment, that should be included within the scope of a foundational technology;

　　8） any other approaches to the issue of identifying foundational technologies important to U.S. national security, including the stage of development or maturity level of an foundational technology that would warrant consideration for export control.

　　BIS does not seek to expand jurisdiction over technologies that are not currently subject to the EAR, such as ''fundamental research'' described in § 734.8 of the EAR.

　　BIS will review public comments submitted in response to this ANPRM to help inform

　　BIS and its interagency partners' efforts to identify, reevaluate and subsequently control foundational technologies. This interagency process is expected to result in rules and comment periods with new control levels for items currently controlled for AT reasons on the CCL or new ECCNs on the CCL for technologies currently classified as EAR99.

　　OMB has determined that this action is significant under Executive Order 12866.