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我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)法律保護(hù)的研究譜系與趨勢(shì)展望
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理 6期
魏遠(yuǎn)山
(廣東外語(yǔ)外貿(mào)大學(xué) 法學(xué)院,,廣東 廣州510006)
摘要: 要充分釋放企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)潛能就必須構(gòu)建完善的保護(hù)規(guī)則。盡管保護(hù)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)已是共識(shí),,但具體保護(hù)路徑卻存有“權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”和“行為規(guī)制說(shuō)”的分歧,。前者可分為“傳統(tǒng)權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”和“新型權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”,后者則可分為合同,、侵權(quán)和反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法等路徑,。礙于企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)區(qū)別于有體物和智力成果的特性,“權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”不僅面臨賦權(quán)理論的詰問(wèn),,還可能有礙數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)與利用,。相比之下,將企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)利益定位為權(quán)益,,進(jìn)而采取反不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法保護(hù),,并適時(shí)構(gòu)建“數(shù)據(jù)專條”以緩和“一般條款”之弊,或是一條可欲路徑,。
中圖分類號(hào): D913
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI: 10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2022.06.007
引用格式: 魏遠(yuǎn)山. 我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)法律保護(hù)的研究譜系與趨勢(shì)展望[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,,2022,41(6):45-54.
Research pedigree and trend prospect of legal protection of enterprise data in China
Wei Yuanshan
(School of Law,,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,,Guangzhou 510006,China)
Abstract: To fully release the potential of enterprise data, it is necessary to build perfect enterprise data protection rules. Although it is a consensus to protect enterprise data, there are two main views on the specific protection path: “rights protection theory” and “behavioral regulation theory”. The former can be divided into “traditional rights protection theory” and “new rights protection theory”, the latter can be divided into contract, tort and anti-unfair competition law and other paths. Due to the characteristics of enterprise data that are different from physical objects and intellectual achievements, the “rights protection theory” not only faces the question of empowerment theory, but also may hinder the flow and utilization of data. In contrast, positioning the interests of corporate data as rights and interests, and then adopting anti-unfair competition law protection, and constructing “special data clauses” in a timely manner to alleviate the disadvantages of “general clauses” maybe a desirable path.
Key words : enterprise data,;empowerment legitimacy,;data property rights,;behavior regulation;rights protection

0 引言

數(shù)據(jù)的價(jià)值日益凸顯,,使其躍遷為生產(chǎn)要素,。近年來(lái),圍繞數(shù)據(jù)的糾紛頻發(fā),,將數(shù)據(jù)要素保護(hù)與交易規(guī)則不健全的弊端暴露無(wú)遺,。《民法典》《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》等法律雖明確保護(hù)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),,但無(wú)具體規(guī)則供給,。為進(jìn)一步釋放數(shù)據(jù)要素潛能,國(guó)家多次發(fā)文要求建立數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度,,明確數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬,。如2022年6月22日,中央全面深化改革委員會(huì)第二十六次會(huì)議審議通過(guò)的《關(guān)于構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)制度更好發(fā)揮數(shù)據(jù)要素作用的意見(jiàn)》,,“要建立數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度,,推進(jìn)公共數(shù)據(jù)、企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),、個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)分類分級(jí)確權(quán)授權(quán)使用,,建立數(shù)據(jù)資源持有權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)加工使用權(quán),、數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)等分置的產(chǎn)權(quán)運(yùn)行機(jī)制,,健全數(shù)據(jù)要素權(quán)益保護(hù)制度”。與此同時(shí),,學(xué)界和業(yè)界也呼吁要盡快界定數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬,,為培育和構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)要素市場(chǎng)奠定基礎(chǔ)。尤其企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)確權(quán)問(wèn)題,,被提到前所未有的高度,。但遺憾的是,目前我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)確權(quán)并未形成共識(shí),,學(xué)界和業(yè)界的態(tài)度也相差甚遠(yuǎn),。鑒于當(dāng)下企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)法律保護(hù)的混沌狀態(tài),本文試圖從國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有研究成果中梳理企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的理論路徑,,以勾勒出相關(guān)理論研究態(tài)勢(shì),,并就其未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)求教于方家,。

企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)的法律保護(hù)問(wèn)題雖早在21世紀(jì)初就有學(xué)者研究,,但受制于彼時(shí)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展水平,并未引起過(guò)多關(guān)注[1],。直到2016年前后,,大數(shù)據(jù),、人工智能、算法等新一代信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展,,使數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn),、存儲(chǔ)和處理能力得到大幅提高,數(shù)據(jù)成為迭代企業(yè)商業(yè)模式的重要驅(qū)動(dòng)力,,企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)法律保護(hù)的議題才進(jìn)入人們視野,。目前,企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)主要分為保護(hù)和不保護(hù)兩種觀點(diǎn),。不過(guò),,如“數(shù)據(jù)作為大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)的數(shù)字尾氣或副產(chǎn)品”不提供激勵(lì)措施也無(wú)傷大雅等觀點(diǎn)已被時(shí)代拋棄,保護(hù)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)才是當(dāng)下的時(shí)代聲音,。但究竟如何保護(hù)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),,就是保護(hù)論者所面臨的核心問(wèn)題。從當(dāng)前學(xué)界研究的進(jìn)展看,,企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的路徑大致可分為“權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”和“行為規(guī)制說(shuō)”兩種,,并在二者基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)了“區(qū)分保護(hù)說(shuō)”?!皺?quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”和“行為規(guī)制說(shuō)”的分野在于是否應(yīng)當(dāng)為企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)賦權(quán),。前者認(rèn)為企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)被權(quán)利化,后者則認(rèn)為企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)不具有權(quán)利化的要件,。正因如此,,本文擬從“賦權(quán)正當(dāng)性”“權(quán)利保護(hù)說(shuō)”“行為規(guī)制說(shuō)”三個(gè)維度描繪企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)法律保護(hù)相關(guān)的研究景象。




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作者信息:

魏遠(yuǎn)山

(廣東外語(yǔ)外貿(mào)大學(xué) 法學(xué)院,,廣東 廣州510006)


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