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基于卡爾曼融合的雙通道微弱信號采集系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)
電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用
卓光加1,,董彩萍2,,郭拓1,劉建國3
1.陜西科技大學(xué) 電子信息與人工智能學(xué)院,;2.海軍航空大學(xué),; 3.西北工業(yè)大學(xué) 航海學(xué)院
摘要: 針對設(shè)備在水下磁異常信號檢測中難以有效采集、模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換器動態(tài)范圍受限導(dǎo)致信噪比較低,、微弱信號易被噪聲淹沒等問題,,設(shè)計一種基于國產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場可編程門陣列(Field-Programmable Gate Array, FPGA)的高精度磁異常信號采集系統(tǒng),。為了提升信號的信噪比與動態(tài)范圍,,在分別采用2倍和8倍的增益前級處理后,,通過高精度多通道模數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換芯片ADS1278與紫光Logos系列FPGA對三軸磁通門輸出的微弱磁異常信號進行采集,并將采集的信號平均加權(quán)進行初步數(shù)據(jù)融合后使用卡爾曼濾波對融合數(shù)據(jù)進行二次修正,。試驗結(jié)果表明,,融合后的信號精度明顯優(yōu)于單通道的采集信號,在使用雙通道A/D采集頻率為200 Hz,、幅值為500 μV的微弱信號時,,信噪比提高26.099 dB,有效提高了數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)范圍,。
中圖分類號:TN929.3 文獻標(biāo)志碼:A DOI: 10.16157/j.issn.0258-7998.245806
中文引用格式: 卓光加,,董彩萍,郭拓,,等. 基于卡爾曼融合的雙通道微弱信號采集系統(tǒng)設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)[J]. 電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用,,2025,51(3):98-104.
英文引用格式: Zhuo Guangjia,,Dong Caiping,,Guo Tuo,et al. Design and implementation of dual-channel weak signal acquisition system based on Kalman fusion[J]. Application of Electronic Technique,,2025,,51(3):98-104.
Design and implementation of dual-channel weak signal acquisition system based on Kalman fusion
Zhuo Guangjia1,Dong Caiping2,,Guo Tuo1,,Liu Jianguo3
1.School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science Technology,; 2.Naval Aviation University,; 3.School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University
Abstract: Aiming at the problems that the equipment is difficult to effectively collect underwater magnetic anomaly signal detection, the dynamic range of analog-to-digital converter is limited, resulting in low signal-to-noise ratio, and weak signals are easily submerged by noise. This thesis designs a high-precision magnetic anomaly signal acquisition system based on domestic field-programmable gate array (FPGA). In order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of the signal, this paper uses the high-precision multi-channel analog-to-digital conversion chip ADS1278 and the Unisplendour Logos series FPGA to collect the weak magnetic anomaly signal output by the three-axis fluxgate after using 2 times and 8 times gain pre-processing respectively, and then uses the Kalman filter to perform secondary correction on the fused data after the average weighted average of the collected signals for preliminary data fusion. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the fused signal is significantly better than that of the single-channel acquisition signal. When using dual-channel AD to acquire weak signals with a frequency of 200 Hz and an amplitude of 500 μV, the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by 26.099 dB, effectively improving the dynamic range of the data acquisition system.
Key words : signal acquisition system,;magnetic anomaly signal,;dual-channel fusion;dynamic range,;Kalman filtering

引言

隨著社會的快速發(fā)展,,航天、工業(yè),、醫(yī)療,、船舶等領(lǐng)域?qū)ξ⑷跣盘柼幚淼男枨笕找嬖黾印K?a class="innerlink" href="http://forexkbc.com/tags/磁異常信號" target="_blank">磁異常信號作為一種微弱且復(fù)雜的物理量,,在地質(zhì)勘探,、海洋探測和國防監(jiān)測等場合廣泛應(yīng)用。然而,該信號處于微伏級別,,極易受到環(huán)境噪聲、設(shè)備噪聲及電磁干擾等因素的影響,,導(dǎo)致其難以實現(xiàn)有效檢測和精確采集,。為應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn),信號采集系統(tǒng)在信號檢測,、處理過程中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用,,其性能直接決定了信號的質(zhì)量和精度。特別是在提升信噪比和動態(tài)范圍方面,,動態(tài)范圍越大,,采集系統(tǒng)能夠覆蓋的信號幅度也相應(yīng)擴展,意味著在固定AD量化級數(shù)內(nèi)可以采集到更多有用信息,;反之,,動態(tài)范圍較小會導(dǎo)致微弱信號被噪聲淹沒,從而影響信號的檢測精度和有效恢復(fù),。

為了使微弱信號能被采集,,通常在采集之前會采用放大電路對信號幅度進行放大,信號放大過程中不可避免地會引入電源噪聲,、放大器自身的熱噪聲,、閃爍噪聲以及外部干擾信號。這些噪聲源在極端環(huán)境下尤為明顯,,使得對微弱信號的檢測難度進一步加大,。同時在常規(guī)的采集方法中,每一路信號的采樣通常直接采用單個AD轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出結(jié)果作為數(shù)字信號,。盡管這些芯片具有很高的理論動態(tài)范圍,,實際應(yīng)用中由于單一量程的限制,系統(tǒng)的可測量動態(tài)范圍往往低于AD轉(zhuǎn)換器的理論值,。李小龍[1]提出借助最小二乘法得到每個通道修正誤差所需要的系數(shù),,最后再通過配置 AD芯片實現(xiàn)對誤差的修正,但實時性不足,,且對噪聲模型的適應(yīng)能力較差,。郭威等人[2]提出一種分立式架構(gòu)的雙 ADC 同步采集單元,實現(xiàn)對小信號采集時的高分辨率以及對大信號采集時的高容差,,但由于不同AD對同一信號采集,,易導(dǎo)致相位失調(diào),可變增益也不易控制,。

針對這一現(xiàn)狀,本文旨在提升采集系統(tǒng)對微弱信號的采集能力,。以紫光Logos系列PGL22G型號的國產(chǎn)FPGA作為核心,,微弱信號在前端實現(xiàn)信號預(yù)處理后,通過兩個AD通道對信號進行同步采集,,并對兩個24位通道數(shù)據(jù)進行加權(quán)融合以及濾波估計,最終優(yōu)選結(jié)果以期提高信號采樣精度和動態(tài)范圍,。最后,,通過試驗對系統(tǒng)進行本地噪聲和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)精度論證,。


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作者信息:

卓光加1,董彩萍2,,郭拓1,劉建國3

(1.陜西科技大學(xué) 電子信息與人工智能學(xué)院,,陜西 西安712099,;

2.海軍航空大學(xué),山東 煙臺264000,;

3.西北工業(yè)大學(xué) 航海學(xué)院,陜西 西安710068)


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