《電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用》
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高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)原則、要求和程序
摘要: 高頻電源變壓器是一種產(chǎn)品(即商品),,設(shè)計(jì)原則是在具體的使用條件下完成具體的功能,檢驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是設(shè)計(jì)出的產(chǎn)品能否經(jīng)受住市場的考驗(yàn),本文將與您分享性價(jià)比高的高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)原則,、要求和程序...
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中心議題:

  • 電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" 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title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="電源變壓器">電源變壓器" title="高頻電源變壓器">高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)原則
  • 高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)要求
  • 高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)程序


1 高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)原則

高頻電源變壓器作為一種產(chǎn)品,,自然帶有商品的屬性,因此高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)原則和其他商品一樣,是在具體使用條件下完成具體的功能中追求性能價(jià)格比最好。有時(shí)可能偏重性能和效率,,有時(shí)可能偏重價(jià)格和成本。現(xiàn)在,,輕,、薄,、短、小,,成為高頻電源的發(fā)展方向,,是強(qiáng)調(diào)降低成本。其中成為一大難點(diǎn)的高頻電源變壓器,,更需要在這方面下功夫,。所以在高頻電源變壓器的“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中,只談性能,,不談成本,,不能不說是一大缺憾,如果能認(rèn)真考慮一下高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)原則,,追求更好的性能價(jià)格比,傳送不到10VA的單片開關(guān)電源高頻變壓器,,應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)計(jì)出更輕,、薄、短,、小的方案來,。不談成本,市場的價(jià)值規(guī)律是無情的,!許多性能好的產(chǎn)品,,往往由于價(jià)格不能為市場接受而遭冷落和淘汰。往往一種新產(chǎn)品最后被成本否決,。一些“節(jié)能不節(jié)錢”的產(chǎn)品為什么在市場上推廣不開值得大家深思,。

產(chǎn)品成本,不但包括材料成本,,生產(chǎn)成本,,還包括研發(fā)成本,設(shè)計(jì)成本,。因此,,為了節(jié)約時(shí)間,根據(jù)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn),,對高頻電源變壓器的鐵損銅損比例,、漏感與激磁電感比例、原邊和副邊繞組損耗比例,、電流密度提供一些參考數(shù)據(jù),,對窗口填充程度,繞組導(dǎo)線和結(jié)構(gòu)推薦一些方案,,有什么不好,?為什么一定要按步就班地來回進(jìn)行推算和仿真,,才不是概念錯誤?作者曾在20世紀(jì)80年代中開發(fā)高頻磁放大器式開關(guān)電源,,以溫升最低為條件,,對高頻電源變壓器進(jìn)行過優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。由于熱阻難以確定,,結(jié)果與試制樣品相差甚遠(yuǎn),,不得不再次修正。現(xiàn)在有些公司的磁芯產(chǎn)品說明書中,,為了縮短用戶設(shè)計(jì)高頻電源變壓器的時(shí)間,,有的列出簡化的設(shè)計(jì)公式,有的用表列出磁芯在某種工作頻率下的傳送功率,。這種既為用戶著想,,又推廣公司產(chǎn)品的雙贏行為,是完全符合市場規(guī)律的行為,,絕不是什么需要辨析的錯誤概念,。問題是提供的參考數(shù)據(jù),推薦的方案是否是經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié),?有沒有普遍性,?包括“辨析”一文中提出的一些說法,都需要經(jīng)過實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn),,才能站得住腳,。

總之,千萬記?。焊哳l電源變壓器是一種產(chǎn)品(即商品),,設(shè)計(jì)原則是在具體的使用條件下完成具體的功能中追求性能價(jià)格比最好。檢驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是設(shè)計(jì)出的產(chǎn)品能否經(jīng)受住市場的考驗(yàn),。

2 高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)要求

以設(shè)計(jì)原則為出發(fā)點(diǎn),,可以對高頻電源變壓器提出4項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)要求:使用條件,完成功能,,提高效率,,降低成本。

2.1 使用條件

使用條件包括兩方面內(nèi)容:可靠性和電磁兼容性,。以前只注意可靠性,,現(xiàn)在由于環(huán)境保護(hù)意識增強(qiáng),必須注意電磁兼容性,。

可靠性是指在具體的使用條件下,,高頻電源變壓器能正常工作到使用壽命為止。一般使用條件對高頻電源變壓器影響最大的是環(huán)境溫度,。有些軟磁材料,,居里點(diǎn)比較低,,對溫度敏感。例如:錳鋅軟磁鐵氧體,,居里點(diǎn)只有215℃,,其磁通密度,磁導(dǎo)率和損耗都隨溫度發(fā)生變化,,故除正常溫度25℃外,,還要給出 60℃,80℃,,100℃時(shí)的各種參考數(shù)據(jù),。因此,將錳鋅軟磁鐵氧體磁芯的工作溫度限制在100℃以下,,也就是環(huán)境溫度為40℃時(shí),,溫升只允許低于 60℃,相當(dāng)于A級絕緣材料溫度,。與錳鋅軟磁鐵氧體磁芯相配套的電磁線和絕緣件,,一般都采用E級和B級絕緣材料,采用H級絕緣的三重絕緣電磁線和聚酰胺薄膜,,是不是大材小用?成本增加多少,?是不是因?yàn)镠級絕緣的高頻電源變壓器優(yōu)化的設(shè)計(jì)方案,,可以使體積減少1/2~1/3的緣故?如果是,,請舉具體實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù),。作者曾開發(fā)H級絕緣工頻50Hz,10kVA干式變壓器,,與B級絕緣工頻50Hz,,10kVA干式變壓器相比,體積減小15%到20%,,已經(jīng)相當(dāng)可觀了,。本來體積就比較小的高頻100kHz10VA高頻電源變壓器,如次級繞組采用三重絕緣線,,能把體積減小1/2~1/3,,那一定是很寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。請有關(guān)作者詳細(xì)介紹優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方案,,以便廣大讀者學(xué)習(xí),。

電磁兼容性是指高頻電源變壓器既不產(chǎn)生對外界的電磁干擾,又能承受外界的電磁干擾,。電磁干擾包括可聞的音頻噪聲和不可聞的高頻噪聲,。高頻電源變壓器產(chǎn)生電磁干擾的主要原因之一是磁芯的磁致伸縮,。磁致伸縮大的軟磁材料,產(chǎn)生的電磁干擾大,。例如,,錳鋅軟磁鐵氧體,磁致伸縮系數(shù)λS為21×10-6,,是取向硅鋼的7倍以上,,是高磁導(dǎo)坡莫合金和非晶合金的20倍以上,是微晶納米晶合金的10倍以上,。因此錳鋅軟磁鐵氧體磁芯產(chǎn)生的電磁干擾大,。高頻電源變壓器產(chǎn)生電磁干擾的主要原因還有磁芯之間的吸力和繞組導(dǎo)線之間的斥力。這些力的變化頻率與高頻電源變壓器的工作頻率一致,。因此,,工作頻率為100kHz左右的高頻電源變壓器,沒有特殊原因是不會產(chǎn)生20kHz以下音頻噪聲的,。既然提出10W以下單片開關(guān)電源的音頻噪聲頻率,,約為10kHz~20kHz,一定有其原因,。由于沒有畫出噪聲頻譜圖,,具體原因說不清楚,但是由高頻電源變壓器本身產(chǎn)生的可能性不大,,沒有必要采用玻璃珠膠合劑粘合磁芯,。至于采用這種粘合工藝可將音頻噪聲降低5dB,請給出實(shí)例與數(shù)據(jù)以及對噪聲原因的詳細(xì)說明,,才會令人可信,。

屏蔽是防止電磁干擾,增加高頻電源變壓器電磁兼容性的好辦法,。但是為了阻止高頻電源變壓器的電磁干擾傳播,,在設(shè)計(jì)磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)和設(shè)計(jì)繞組結(jié)構(gòu)也應(yīng)當(dāng)采取相應(yīng)的措施,只靠加外屏蔽帶并不一定是最佳方案,,因?yàn)樗荒茏柚馆椛涓蓴_,,不能阻止傳導(dǎo)干擾。

2.2 完成功能

高頻電源變壓器完成功能有3個:功率傳送,,電壓變換和絕緣隔離,。功率傳送有兩種方式。第一種是變壓器功率的傳送方式,,加在原繞組上的電壓,,在磁芯中產(chǎn)生磁通變化,使副繞組感應(yīng)電壓,從而使電功率從原邊傳送到副邊,。在功率傳送過程中,,磁芯又分為磁通單方向變化和雙方向變化兩種工作模式。單方向變化工作模式,,磁通密度從最大值Bm變化到剩余磁通密度Br,,或者從Br變化到Bm。磁通密度變化值ΔB=Bm-Br,。為了提高ΔB,,希望Bm大,Br小,。雙方向變化工作模式磁通度從+Bm變化到-Bm,,或者從-Bm變化到+Bm。磁通密度變化值ΔB=2Bm,,為了提高ΔB,,希望Bm大,但不要求Br小,,不論是單方向變化工作模式還是雙方向變化工作模式,,變壓器功率傳送方式都不直接與磁芯磁導(dǎo)率有關(guān)。第二種是電感器功率傳送方式,,原繞組輸入的電能,,使磁芯激磁,變?yōu)榇拍軆Υ嫫饋?,然后通過去磁使副繞組感應(yīng)電壓,,變成電能釋放給負(fù)載。傳送功率決定于電感磁芯儲能,,而儲能又決定于原繞組的電感。電感與磁芯磁導(dǎo)率有關(guān),,磁導(dǎo)率高,,電感量大,儲能多,,而不直接與磁通密度有關(guān),。雖然功率傳送方式不同,要求的磁芯參數(shù)不一樣,,但是在高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)中,,磁芯的材料和參數(shù)的選擇仍然是設(shè)計(jì)的一個主要內(nèi)容。在電源變壓器“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中,,很遺憾缺少這一個主要內(nèi)容,。只是在“交流損耗”一條中,提出BAC典型值為 0.04~0.075T。顯然,,文中的高頻電源變壓器是采用電感功率傳送方式,,為什么不提磁導(dǎo)率,而提BAC弄不清楚,。經(jīng)查閱,,在《電源技術(shù)應(yīng)用》 2003年1/2期,同一主要作者寫的開關(guān)電源“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中,,列出了“磁芯的選擇”,,也沒有提磁導(dǎo)率,只是提出最大磁通密度Bm為0.275T,。由于沒有畫磁通密度變化波形,,弄不清楚前文中的BAC和后文中的Bm是否一致:為什么BAC和Bm相差6.8~3.7倍?更不清楚,,選的是哪一種軟磁鐵氧體材料,?為什么選這種型號?兩文中都沒有一點(diǎn)說明,,只好讓讀者自己去猜想了,。


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電壓變換通過原邊和副邊繞組匝數(shù)比來完成。不管功率傳送是哪一種方式,,原邊和副邊的電壓變換比等于原繞組和副繞組匝數(shù)比,,只要不改變匝數(shù)比,就不影響電壓變換,。但是,,繞組匝數(shù)與高頻電源變壓器的漏感有關(guān)。漏感大小與原繞組匝數(shù)的平方成正比,。有趣的是,,漏感能不能規(guī)定一個數(shù)值?《電源技術(shù)應(yīng)用》 2003年第6期同時(shí)刊登的兩篇文章有著不同的說法,。“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中說:“對于一符合絕緣及安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的高頻變壓器,,其漏感量應(yīng)為次級開路時(shí)初級電感量的1%~3%”。“辨析”一文中說:“在很多技術(shù)單上,,標(biāo)注著漏感=1%的磁化電感或漏感《2%的磁化電感等類似的技術(shù)要求,。其實(shí)這種寫法或設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很不專業(yè)。電源設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)電路正常工作要求,,對所能接受的漏感值作一個數(shù)值限制,。在制作變壓器的過程中,應(yīng)在不使變壓器的其他參數(shù)(如匝間電容等)變差的情況下盡可能減小漏感值,,而非給出漏感與磁化電感的比例關(guān)系作為技術(shù)要求”,。“否則這將表明你不理解漏感知識或并不真正關(guān)心實(shí)際的漏感值”。雖然兩篇文章說法不一樣,但是有一點(diǎn)是共同的,,就是盡可能減小漏感值,。因?yàn)槁└兄荡螅瑑Υ娴哪芰恳泊?,在電源開關(guān)過程中突然釋放,,會產(chǎn)生尖峰電壓,增加開關(guān)器件承受的電壓峰值,,對絕緣不利,,也產(chǎn)生附加損耗和電磁干擾。

絕緣隔離通過原邊和副邊繞組的絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)來完成,。為了保證繞組之間的絕緣,,必須增加兩個繞組之間的距離,從而降低繞組間的耦合程度,,使漏感增大,。還有,原繞組一般為高壓繞組,,匝數(shù)不能太少,,否則,匝間或者層間電壓相差大,,會引起局部短路,。這樣,匝數(shù)有下限,,使漏感也有下限,。總之,,在高頻電源變壓器絕緣結(jié)構(gòu)和總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中,,要統(tǒng)籌考慮漏感和絕緣強(qiáng)度問題。

2.3 提高效率

提高效率是對電源和電子設(shè)備的普遍要求,。雖然從單個高頻電源變壓器來看,,損耗不大。例如,,100VA高頻電源變壓器,效率為98%時(shí),,損耗只有 2W,,并不多。但是成十萬個,,成百萬個高頻電源變壓器,,總損耗可能達(dá)到上100kW,甚至上MW。還有,,許多高頻電源變壓器一直長期運(yùn)行,,年總損耗相當(dāng)可觀,有可能達(dá)到上10GW·h,。這樣,,提高高頻電源變壓器效率,可以節(jié)約電力,。節(jié)約電力后,,可以少建發(fā)電站。少建發(fā)電站后,,可以少消耗煤和石油,,可以少排放CO2,SO2,,NOx,,廢氣,廢水,,煙塵和灰渣,,減少對環(huán)境的污染。既具有節(jié)約能源,,又具有環(huán)境保護(hù)的雙重社會經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,。因此,提高效率是高頻電源變壓器一個主要的設(shè)計(jì)要求,,一般效率要提高到95%以上,,損耗要減少到5%以下。高頻電源變壓器損耗包括磁芯損耗(鐵損)和繞組損耗(銅損),。有人關(guān)心變壓器的鐵損和銅損的比例,。這個比例是隨變壓器的工作頻率發(fā)生變化的。如果變壓器的外加電壓不變,,工作頻率越低,,繞組匝數(shù)越多,銅損越大,。因此在50Hz工頻下,,銅損遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過鐵損。例如:50Hz,,100kVAS9型三相油浸式硅鋼電力變壓器,,銅損為鐵損的5倍左右。 50Hz,,100kVASH11型三相油浸式非晶合金電力變壓器,,銅損為鐵損的20倍左右,。并不存在“辨析”一文中所說那樣,工頻變壓器從熱穩(wěn)定熱均勻角度出發(fā),,把銅損等于鐵損作為經(jīng)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則,。隨著工作頻率升高,繞組匝數(shù)減少,,雖然由于趨表效應(yīng)和鄰近效應(yīng)存在而使繞組損耗增加,,但是總的趨勢是銅損隨著工作頻率升高而下降。而鐵損包括磁滯損耗和渦流損耗,,隨著工作頻率升高而迅速增大,。在某一段工作頻率,有可能出現(xiàn)銅損和鐵損相等的情況,,超過這一段工作頻率,,鐵損就大于銅損。造成鐵損不等于銅損的原因,,也并不象“辨析”一文中所說那樣是由于“高頻變壓器采用非常細(xì)的漆包線作為繞組”,。導(dǎo)線粗細(xì)的選擇,雖然受趨表效應(yīng)影響,,但主要由高頻電源變壓器的傳送功率來決定,,與工作頻率不存在直接關(guān)系。而且,,選用非常細(xì)的漆包線作為繞組,,反而會增加銅損,延緩銅損的下降趨勢,。說不定在設(shè)計(jì)選定的工作頻率下,,還有可能出現(xiàn)銅損等于鐵損的情況。根據(jù)有的資料介紹,,中小功率高頻電源變壓器的工作頻率在100kHz左右,,鐵損已經(jīng)大于銅損,而成為高頻電源變壓器損耗的主要部分,。

正因?yàn)殍F損是高頻電源變壓器損耗的主要部分,,因此根據(jù)鐵損選擇磁芯材料是高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)的一個主要內(nèi)容。鐵損也成為評價(jià)軟磁芯材料的一個主要參數(shù),。鐵損與磁芯的工作磁通密度工作頻率有關(guān),,在介紹軟磁磁芯材料鐵損時(shí),必須說明在什么工作磁通密度下和在什么工作頻率下?lián)p耗,。用符號表示時(shí),,也必須標(biāo)明PB/f〔式中工作磁通密度B的單位是T(特斯拉),工作頻率f的單位是Hz(赫芝)〕,。例如,,P0.5/400表示工作磁通密度為0.5T,工作頻率為400Hz時(shí)的損耗,。又例如,,P0.1/100k表示工作磁通密度為0.1T,工作頻率為100kHz時(shí)的損耗,。鐵損還與工作溫度有關(guān),,在介紹軟磁磁芯材料鐵損時(shí),必須指明它的工作溫度,,特別是軟磁鐵氧體材料,,對溫度變化比較敏感,在產(chǎn)品說明書中都要列出25℃至100℃的鐵損,。

軟磁材料的飽和磁通密度并不完全代表使用的工作磁通密度的上限,,常常是鐵損限制了工作磁通密度的上限。所以,,在新的電源變壓器用軟磁鐵氧體材料分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,,把允許的工作磁通密度和工作頻率乘積B×f,作為材料的性能因子,,并說明在性能因子條件下允許的損耗值,。新的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)性能因子把軟磁鐵氧體材料分為PW1,PW2,,PW3,,PW4,PW5等5類,,性能因子越高的,,工作頻率越高,極限頻率也越高,。例如,,PW3類軟磁鐵氧體材料,工作頻率為 100kHz,,極限頻率為300kHz,,性能因子B×f為10000mT×kHz,即在100mT(0.1T)和100kHz下,,100℃時(shí)損耗a級 ≤300kW/m(300mW/cm3),,b級≤150kW/m3(150mW/cm3)。***TDK公司生產(chǎn)的PC44型軟磁鐵氧體材料達(dá)到PW3a 級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),,達(dá)不到PW3b級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),。

“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中提出高頻變壓器使用的鐵氧體磁芯在100kHz時(shí)的損耗應(yīng)低于50mW/cm3,沒指明是選哪一類軟磁鐵氧體材料,,也沒說明損耗對應(yīng)的工作磁通密度,。讀者只好去猜:損耗對應(yīng)的工作磁通密度是《電源技術(shù)應(yīng)用》2003年6期“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中的BAC典型值 0.04~0.075T,?還是《電源技術(shù)應(yīng)用》2003年1/2期“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中的Bm值0.237T?不管是0.075T,,還是0.237T,?要達(dá)到100kHz下鐵損低于50mW/cm3的鐵氧體材料是非常先進(jìn)的。請介紹一下是哪家公司哪種型號產(chǎn)品,,以便讀者也去購買,。

在某一段工作頻率下,高頻電源變壓器的繞組損耗(銅損)與鐵損相接近時(shí),,例如,,銅損/鐵損=100%~25%范圍內(nèi),銅損也不能忽視,,也應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮采取措施來減少銅損,。由于原繞組和副繞組承擔(dān)的功率相近,往往在設(shè)計(jì)中取原繞組的銅損等于副繞組的銅損,,以便簡化設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算過程,,這并不象“辨析”一文中所說的那樣:“只是工頻變壓器設(shè)計(jì)的一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)規(guī)則,”對一定工作頻率下高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)也適用,。不能只強(qiáng)調(diào)依靠溫升來設(shè)計(jì)高頻電源變壓器,,由于熱阻不容易準(zhǔn)確確定,設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算相當(dāng)麻煩,。因此,,為了簡化計(jì)算,有時(shí)根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)預(yù)先推薦一些原則和數(shù)據(jù)是必要的,。同樣,,為了簡化計(jì)算,對不同工作頻率,,不同功率的高頻電源變壓器推薦不同的繞組電流密度,,也是必要的,但不限于某一個電流密度值,,例如,,2A/mm2~3A/mm2。應(yīng)當(dāng)看到:實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)要求的方法并不限于一種,,應(yīng)當(dāng)允許進(jìn)行多種多樣的探索,。“你走你的陽關(guān)道,我走我的獨(dú)木橋”,。為什么一定要按你指定的道路走,,才不是“錯誤概念”呢?

2.4 降低成本

降低成本是高頻電源變壓器的一個主要設(shè)計(jì)要求,,有時(shí)甚至是決定性的要求,。高頻電源變壓器作為一種產(chǎn)品,,和其他商品一樣,都面臨著市場競爭,。競爭的內(nèi)容包括性能和成本兩個方面,,缺一不可。不注意降低成本,,往往會在競爭中被淘汰。

高頻電源變壓器的成本包括材料成本,,制造成本和管理成本,。設(shè)計(jì)是高頻電源變壓器降低成本的主要手段。高頻電源變壓器所用的材料和零部件的貴賤和數(shù)量的多少,?是否方便采購,?是否要備有多少庫存量?磁芯,,線圈和總體結(jié)構(gòu)的加工和裝配工藝復(fù)雜還是簡單,?需要人工占的比例多大(實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程的機(jī)械化和自動化,可以減少人工工時(shí),,更能保證產(chǎn)品的一致性和質(zhì)量),?是否需要工模具?質(zhì)量控制中需要檢測的工序和參數(shù):哪些參數(shù)要在加工過程中檢測,?哪些參數(shù)要在出廠試驗(yàn)中檢測(出廠試驗(yàn)的參數(shù)應(yīng)選擇能決定性能的關(guān)鍵參數(shù),,數(shù)量不要多,以便能即時(shí)判斷產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,。),?哪些參數(shù)要在型式試驗(yàn)中檢測?要用什么檢測儀器和設(shè)備,,價(jià)格如何,?等等,都是由設(shè)計(jì)來決定的,。因此,,高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)者除了要了解高頻電源變壓器的理論和設(shè)計(jì)方法而外,還要了解各種軟磁材料和磁芯的性能和價(jià)格,,各種電磁線的性能和價(jià)格,,各種絕緣材料的性能和價(jià)格;還要了解磁芯加工熱處理工藝,,線圈繞制和絕緣處理工藝及變壓器組裝工藝,;還要了解實(shí)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量控制的檢測參數(shù)和儀器設(shè)備;還要了解生產(chǎn)管理的基本知識以及高頻電源變壓器的市場動態(tài)等等,。只有知識全面的設(shè)計(jì)者,,才能設(shè)計(jì)出性能好,,成本低的高頻電源變壓器產(chǎn)品。

降低成本是促進(jìn)高頻電源變壓器技術(shù)發(fā)展的一種推動力,。為什么輕,、薄、短,、小成為高頻電源變壓器的發(fā)展方向,?原因之一是這樣既能降低材料成本,又能降低制造成本,。提高工作頻率,,可以使高頻電源變壓器的重量和體積下降。但是,,要克服高頻帶來的負(fù)面影響,,必須采用新的軟磁材料和導(dǎo)電材料并增加抑制高頻電磁干擾的措施,因此,,對具體使用條件下的高頻電源變壓器究竟選用多高的工作頻率,?要在綜合考慮性能和總體成本后決定。提高效率,,降低損耗發(fā)生的熱量,,可以減少高頻電源變壓器散熱的表面積,從而使體積和重量下降,。但是,,降低損耗必須采用新材料和新工藝。因此,,對具體使用條件下的高頻電源變壓器究竟達(dá)到多高的效率,?也要在綜合考慮性能和總體成本后決定。

高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)程序

高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)程序,,包括磁芯材料,,磁芯結(jié)構(gòu),磁芯參數(shù),,線圈參數(shù),,組裝結(jié)構(gòu)和溫升校核等內(nèi)容。下面分別進(jìn)行討論,。

3.1 磁芯材料

根據(jù)高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)要求,,選擇軟磁材料本來應(yīng)當(dāng)是設(shè)計(jì)程序的第一項(xiàng)。但是,,現(xiàn)在一般都認(rèn)為高頻電源變壓器應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇軟磁鐵氧體,,是自然而然的事情。許多有關(guān)高頻電源變壓器的論文,專著和教材,,只針對軟磁鐵氧體進(jìn)行討論,,而對其他軟磁材料有時(shí)說明一下,有時(shí)只字不提,。而且究竟選擇哪一類軟磁鐵氧體,,也不加以說明,好象大家都知道,?!峨娫醇夹g(shù)應(yīng)用》2003年第6期中的兩篇文章就是一例。

和任何軟磁磁芯材料一樣,,軟磁鐵氧體有自己的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),。軟磁鐵氧體的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是電阻率高、交流渦流損耗小,,價(jià)格便宜,易加工成各種形狀的磁芯,。缺點(diǎn)是工作磁通密度低,,磁導(dǎo)率不高,磁致伸縮大,,對溫度變化比較敏感,。因此,有些高頻電源變壓器并不適合選擇軟磁鐵氧體,。例如,,工作頻率比較低(50kHz以下),功率比較大的高頻電源變壓器,,如果選擇軟磁鐵氧體,,由于工作磁通密度低,用材料多,,磁芯體積大,,加工困難,易碎,,成品率不高,,顯不出價(jià)格便宜的優(yōu)勢。又例如,,工作頻率高(500kHz以上),,功率比較小的高頻電源變壓器,磁芯重量和體積本來都小,,如果選擇軟磁鐵氧體,,必須用PW4、PW5類材料,價(jià)格也不便宜,,與其他軟磁材料相比,,磁芯價(jià)格基本相當(dāng),有時(shí)反而由于體積大,,而處于不利地位,。即使在適合于軟磁鐵氧體的工作頻率范圍內(nèi),也要對選擇哪一類軟磁鐵氧體更能全面滿足高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)要求,,進(jìn)行認(rèn)真考慮,,才可以使設(shè)計(jì)出來的高頻電源變壓器達(dá)到比較理想的性能價(jià)格比。

3.2 磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)

高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)中選擇磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)考慮的因素有:降低漏磁和漏感,,增加線圈散熱面積,,有利于屏蔽,線圈繞線容易,,裝配接線方便等,。

漏磁和漏感與磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)有直接關(guān)系。如果磁芯不需要?dú)庀?,則盡可能采用封閉的環(huán)形和方框型結(jié)構(gòu)磁芯,,特別是工作頻率高的電源變壓器,因?yàn)?,有一點(diǎn)漏感,,就容易產(chǎn)生比較大的漏阻抗。封閉磁芯的磁通基本上集中在磁芯里面,,漏磁小,。同時(shí),不論外界干擾磁場從哪個方向侵入,,都在磁芯中分為兩個方向通過,,產(chǎn)生的干擾互相抵消。但是,,封閉磁芯繞線困難,,且環(huán)形磁芯散熱要通過線圈,而且內(nèi)層引出線也要穿過線圈引出,,故必須加強(qiáng)絕緣,。不封閉磁芯繞線容易,磁芯散熱面大,,可直接散熱,,引出線也容易。建議裝線圈的磁路部分為圓柱形截面,,減少平均匝長,,降低損耗,。矮胖圓柱形磁芯的漏磁和漏感比瘦高圓柱形磁芯大,一個原因是胖,,圓柱形大,,漏磁輻射面大;另一個原因是矮,,上下兩磁軛距離近,,容易形成漏磁通的路徑。不封閉磁芯中的氣隙大小和位置與漏磁和漏感有密切關(guān)系,。在保證完成功能所需的氣隙條件下,,盡可能減少氣隙尺寸。因?yàn)?,氣隙尺寸增大,,不但增加漏磁和漏感,還減少等值磁導(dǎo)率,,增加激磁功率,,對高頻電源變壓器工作不利。另外,,氣隙的位置最好處于線圈的中間部位,,可以起到減少氣隙漏磁通的作用。

窗口面積的大小與線圈發(fā)熱損耗和散熱面積有關(guān),。窗口面積大,,繞的電磁線截面大,,電阻小,,損耗小,發(fā)熱小,。同時(shí),,線圈外形尺寸大,散熱面積也大,。 “辨析”一文中提出窗口面積利用問題,,不能采取完全肯定和完全否定的態(tài)度。一般在留足工藝需要的窗口面積以后,,希望盡可能把窗口面積繞滿,。如果不能充分利用窗口面積,將會造成磁芯尺寸和變壓器外形尺寸不必要的增大,,有可能要增加材料成本,。因此,在高頻電源變壓器磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中,,對窗口面積的大小,,要綜合考慮各種因素后來決定。“辨析”一文中關(guān)于填滿磁芯窗口主要是受工頻磁性元件設(shè)計(jì)的影響的理由并不成立。工頻變壓器的銅損比鐵損大,,為了增加線圈散熱面積,,磁芯與線圈之間留有足夠的氣隙,有時(shí)原繞組和副繞組之間也留有氣隙,。而不是“強(qiáng)調(diào)鐵芯和繞組的整體性,,因而不希望鐵芯與繞組中間有氣隙”。也不是“設(shè)計(jì)成繞組填滿整個窗口,,從而保證其機(jī)械穩(wěn)定性”,。線圈和磁芯既然不是一個整體,必須分別用夾件固緊,,才能保證各自的機(jī)械穩(wěn)定性,。同時(shí),為了保證足夠的絕緣距離,,線圈兩端和繞組之間都必須留有氣隙,,不可能用繞組填滿整個窗口。

為了防止高頻電源變壓器從里向外和從外向里的電磁干擾,,有些磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)在窗口外面有封閉和半封閉的外殼,。封閉外殼屏蔽電磁干擾作用好,但散熱和接線不方便,,必須留有接線孔和出氣孔,。半封閉外殼,封閉的地方起屏蔽電磁干擾作用,,不封閉的地方用于接線和散熱,。窗口完全開放,接線和散熱方便,,屏蔽電磁干擾作用差,。

3.3 磁芯參數(shù)

高頻電源變壓器磁芯參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)中,要特別注意工作磁通密度不只是受磁化曲線限制,,還要受損耗的限制,,同時(shí)還與功率傳送的工作方式有關(guān)。

對變壓器功率傳送方式的磁通單方向變化工作模式,,ΔB=Bm-Br,,既受飽和磁通密度限制,又更主要地是受損耗限制,。但是單方向變化的高頻電源變壓器工作時(shí),,沿局部磁滯回線來回變化,磁芯損耗比雙方向變化沿大的磁滯回線來回變化小,,只有它的30%~40%,。而材料測試時(shí)是按正弦波雙向激磁條件下變化的ΔB為2Bm進(jìn)行的,。因此,Bm可以取材料測試損耗值時(shí),,選取的B值高一倍以上,。Br受材料磁滯回線上的Br限制,可以用開氣隙的辦法來降低Br,,以增大磁通密度變化值ΔB,。雖然開氣隙后,激磁電流有所增加,,但增大ΔB后可以減少磁芯體積,,還是值得的。對變壓器功率傳送方式磁通雙方向變化工作模式,,ΔB=2Bm,,工作的磁滯回線包圍的面積比局部回線大得多,損耗也大得多,,Bm主要受損耗限制,,在雙方向變化工作模式中,還要注意由于各種原因造成激磁的正負(fù)變化的伏秒面積不相等,,而出現(xiàn)直流偏磁問題,。可以在磁芯磁路中加一個小氣隙,,或者在電路設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)加隔直流電容,,或者采用電流型控制來解決。

對電感器功率傳送方式,,磁導(dǎo)率是有氣隙后的等值磁導(dǎo)率,,一般都比磁化曲線測出的磁導(dǎo)率小??梢栽诖_定磁芯結(jié)構(gòu)后,,直接測試它,。“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中的高頻電源變壓器采用電感器功率傳送方式,。不知道為什么不提選用的磁導(dǎo)率,而提BAC或者Bm,?也不提BAC或Bm與損耗的關(guān)系,?

3.4 線圈參數(shù)

高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)的線圈參數(shù)包括:匝數(shù),導(dǎo)線截面(直徑),,導(dǎo)線形式,,繞組排列和絕緣安排。

原繞組匝數(shù)根據(jù)外加激磁電壓或者原繞組激磁電感(儲存能量)來決定,,匝數(shù)不能過多,,也不能過少,。如果匝數(shù)過多,會增加漏感和繞線工時(shí),;如果匝數(shù)過少,,在外加激磁電壓比較高時(shí),有可能使匝間電壓降和層間電壓降增大,,而必須加強(qiáng)絕緣,。

副繞組匝數(shù)由輸出電壓決定。高頻電源變壓器主要用于高頻開關(guān)電源,。開關(guān)電源可以對輸出電壓進(jìn)行調(diào)整,,調(diào)整上限受允許的開關(guān)占空比限制。在從要求的負(fù)載電壓計(jì)算變壓器輸出電壓時(shí),,應(yīng)考慮開關(guān)占空比,,串聯(lián)二極管壓降和變壓器的內(nèi)阻抗壓降。

導(dǎo)線截面(直徑)決定于繞組的電流密度,。繞組損耗(銅損)占總損耗比例比較大時(shí),,推薦電流密度取2~4A/mm2,銅損占總損耗比例比較小時(shí),,推薦電流密度取8~12A/mm2,,但是,要經(jīng)過變壓器溫升校核后進(jìn)行必要的調(diào)整,。還要注意的是導(dǎo)線截面(直徑)的大小還與漏感有關(guān),。在同樣匝數(shù)下,導(dǎo)線截面直徑增加,,內(nèi)層排列的匝數(shù)減少,,層數(shù)增加。而漏磁場分布靠近磁芯的內(nèi)層大,,外層小,,與磁芯距離平方成反比例地衰減。這樣,,漏磁通大的內(nèi)層交鏈的匝數(shù)減少從而使漏感下降,。

“設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)”一文中提出的繞組排列形式,是一般用的繞組排列方式:原繞組靠近磁芯,,副繞組和反饋繞組逐漸向外排列,。這種繞組排列形式并不理想。下面推薦兩種繞組排列形式:

1)如果原繞組電壓高(例如220V),,副繞組電壓低,,可以采用副繞組靠近磁芯,接著繞反饋繞組,,原繞組在最外層的繞組排列形式,,這樣有利于原繞組對磁芯的絕緣安排,;

2)如果要增加原和副繞組之間耦合,可以采用一半原繞組靠近磁芯,,接著繞反饋繞組和副繞組,,最外層再繞一半原繞組的繞組排列形式,這樣有利于減少漏感,。

絕緣安排首先要注意使用的電磁線和絕緣件的絕緣材料等級,,要與磁芯和繞組允許的工作溫度相匹配。等級低,,滿足不了耐熱要求,,等級過高,會增加不必要的材料成本,。其次,,對在圓柱形磁路上繞線的線圈,最好采用線圈骨架,,既可以保證絕緣,,又可以簡化繞線工藝。還有,,線圈最外層和最里層,,高壓和低壓繞組之間都要加強(qiáng)絕緣。如果一般絕緣只墊一層絕緣薄膜,,加強(qiáng)絕緣應(yīng)墊2~3層絕緣薄膜,。

3.5 組裝結(jié)構(gòu)

高頻電源變壓器組裝結(jié)構(gòu)分為臥式和立式兩種。如果選用平面磁芯,、片式磁芯和薄膜磁芯,,都采用臥式組裝結(jié)構(gòu),上下表面比較大,,有利于散熱

或者附加散熱器,,高度低,有利于安裝在印刷電路板上,。組裝結(jié)構(gòu)中采用的夾件和接線端子等盡量采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,,以便于外協(xié)加工,降低成本,。

3.6 溫升校核

溫升校核可以通過計(jì)算和樣品測試來進(jìn)行,。一般通過樣品試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行溫升核算的比較多一些,。如果樣品試驗(yàn)溫升不超過允許溫升,,可以通過。但是試驗(yàn)溫升低于允許溫升15℃以上,,要對繞組的電流密度和導(dǎo)線截面進(jìn)行調(diào)整,,適當(dāng)增加電流密度和減少導(dǎo)線截面,。如果樣品試驗(yàn)溫升超過允許溫升,則要對繞組的電流密度和導(dǎo)線截面進(jìn)行調(diào)整,,適當(dāng)減少電流密度和增加導(dǎo)線截面,。如果增加導(dǎo)線截面,窗口繞不下,,要增加磁芯尺寸,。如果樣品試驗(yàn)磁芯溫升超過允許溫升,則要增加磁芯的散熱面積,,加大磁芯,。

4 結(jié)語

高頻電源變壓器隨著工作頻率的提高,設(shè)計(jì)不斷發(fā)生變化,,不斷出現(xiàn)新的軟磁材料,,新的磁芯結(jié)構(gòu),新的導(dǎo)線材料和絕緣材料,,新的線圈結(jié)構(gòu)和組裝結(jié)構(gòu)等等,,不斷出現(xiàn)新的設(shè)計(jì)方法,就象登山一樣,,不斷攀上新的臺階,。

登山要有目標(biāo)。登山的目標(biāo)是攀上頂峰,。失去目標(biāo),,登山會迷路。高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)也有目標(biāo),,設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)是實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)原則,,在具體使用條件下完成具體的功能中追求性能價(jià)格比最好。失去目標(biāo),,高頻電源變壓器設(shè)計(jì)也會誤入歧途,。

登山的道路不只一條。不管是從東西南北哪條道路攀登,,只要能攀上頂峰,,則該條道路就是可行的。同樣,,高頻電源變壓器的設(shè)計(jì)方法也不只一種,。不管采用哪一種設(shè)計(jì)方法,只要能實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)原則,,則該種設(shè)計(jì)方法就不能說是概念錯誤的,。
 

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