《電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用》
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光纖激光器發(fā)展概況及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域
OFweek激光網(wǎng)
摘要: 大功率光纖激光器將是第三代最先進(jìn)的工業(yè)加工,、印刷,、通信、醫(yī)療,、化工,尤其是國(guó)防使用的重要器件,。本文詳細(xì)介紹了光纖激光器的發(fā)展歷程,。
關(guān)鍵詞: 光纖激光器 光纖 激光
Abstract:
Key words :

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title="光纖激光器">光纖激光器將是第三代最先進(jìn)的工業(yè)加工、印刷,、通信,、醫(yī)療、化工,,尤其是國(guó)防使用的重要器件,。國(guó)際上普遍采用光纖激光技術(shù)于造船、汽車制造行業(yè)進(jìn)行焊接、切割,、打孔等工藝操作,。歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中,有50%-70%的汽車零部件采用激光加工,。美國(guó)建造新的船舶廣泛使用激光焊接一些高強(qiáng)度,,低合金鋼的T型構(gòu)件。為了使船舶平板適應(yīng)海洋流體力學(xué)要求,,這些構(gòu)件都被設(shè)計(jì)成三維曲率形狀,,而此種造型只有用光纖激光器加工才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。用激光輔助平板造型技術(shù),,完全可以取代費(fèi)時(shí),、費(fèi)力而且還有一定危險(xiǎn)性的機(jī)械加熱成型工藝。日本Kawasaki重工造船業(yè),,德國(guó)的Meyer& Werft造船廠等都安裝了大功率的激光加工系統(tǒng),,并且抓緊開發(fā)2kW,6kW和更高如10kW光纖激光加工系統(tǒng),。歐洲正在加強(qiáng)光纖激光器的研發(fā)力度,,由德國(guó)弗勞恩霍夫材料和光束技術(shù)研究所啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)“領(lǐng)先的光纖激光器技術(shù)” 的重大項(xiàng)目,投資1700萬歐元研制新型光纖激光器,,并使其功率超過千瓦級(jí),。

  光纖激光器這樣高速度發(fā)展是由于光纖激光器的雙包層結(jié)構(gòu)和包層泵浦技術(shù)的成功,以及半導(dǎo)體激光工藝的成熟,,光纖光柵的刻劃和多元耦合器的實(shí)現(xiàn)有力地推動(dòng)了光纖激光器的發(fā)展,,使光纖激光器的技術(shù)快速提升,并很快發(fā)展到千瓦級(jí)功率輸出,。

  目前,,使用最廣泛的是摻雜稀土材料的激光介質(zhì),包括摻雜Yb3+,,Nd3+,,Er3+,Ho3+,,Tm3+等離子材料,。最普遍的摻Y(jié)b3+離子光纖激光器,在970~978 nm 半導(dǎo)體激光泵浦下,,發(fā)出1.0~1.61μm的激光,,英國(guó)南安普頓大學(xué)已經(jīng)制備出1800W 高功率激光器。此外,,南安普頓大學(xué)還對(duì)摻Er3+光纖激光器進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間研究,,制造出了激光波長(zhǎng)位于通信窗口的Er3+光纖激光器,,其輸出功率達(dá)到150W。美國(guó)NP Photonoics公司,,亞利桑那大學(xué)也制造出性能優(yōu)良的摻Er3+光纖激光器,,并且進(jìn)行了實(shí)際應(yīng)用。最近,,位于美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州牛津市的IPG 公司設(shè)計(jì)出準(zhǔn)連續(xù)高脈沖能量YSL-600/6000-QCM-AC型號(hào)的光纖激光器,,平均功率600W,最高峰值功率6000W,,最大脈沖持續(xù)時(shí)間10ms,,最大占空比10%,,其轉(zhuǎn)換效率達(dá)到30%,,可進(jìn)行快速加工、焊接,、打孔等工藝操作,。

  SPI公司推出Red Power 400W單模和平頂多模光纖激光器。特別適合切割和焊接薄型和中型金屬工件,。長(zhǎng)崎造船廠將美國(guó)IPG公司生產(chǎn)的l0kW光纖激光器和電弧進(jìn)行復(fù)合焊接,,顯著提高了船舶焊接質(zhì)量,降低了成本,,提高了經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,。

  大功率光纖激光器將是第三代最先進(jìn)的工業(yè)加工、印刷,、通信,、醫(yī)療、化工,,尤其是國(guó)防使用的重要器件,。國(guó)際上普遍采用光纖激光技術(shù)于造船、汽車制造行業(yè)進(jìn)行焊接,、切割,、打孔等工藝操作。歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中,,有50%-70%的汽車零部件采用激光加工,。美國(guó)建造新的船舶廣泛使用激光焊接一些高強(qiáng)度,低合金鋼的T型構(gòu)件,。為了使船舶平板適應(yīng)海洋流體力學(xué)要求,,這些構(gòu)件都被設(shè)計(jì)成三維曲率形狀,而此種造型只有用光纖激光器加工才能實(shí)現(xiàn),。用激光輔助平板造型技術(shù),,完全可以取代費(fèi)時(shí),、費(fèi)力而且還有一定危險(xiǎn)性的機(jī)械加熱成型工藝。日本Kawasaki重工造船業(yè),,德國(guó)的Meyer& Werft造船廠等都安裝了大功率的激光加工系統(tǒng),,并且抓緊開發(fā)2kW,6kW和更高如10kW光纖激光加工系統(tǒng),。歐洲正在加強(qiáng)光纖激光器的研發(fā)力度,,由德國(guó)弗勞恩霍夫材料和光束技術(shù)研究所啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)“領(lǐng)先的光纖激光器技術(shù)” 的重大項(xiàng)目,投資1700萬歐元研制新型光纖激光器,,并使其功率超過千瓦級(jí),。

  光纖激光器這樣高速度發(fā)展是由于光纖激光器的雙包層結(jié)構(gòu)和包層泵浦技術(shù)的成功,以及半導(dǎo)體激光工藝的成熟,,光纖光柵的刻劃和多元耦合器的實(shí)現(xiàn)有力地推動(dòng)了光纖激光器的發(fā)展,,使光纖激光器的技術(shù)快速提升,并很快發(fā)展到千瓦級(jí)功率輸出,。

  目前,,使用最廣泛的是摻雜稀土材料的激光介質(zhì),包括摻雜Yb3+,,Nd3+,,Er3+,Ho3+,,Tm3+等離子材料,。最普遍的摻Y(jié)b3+離子光纖激光器,在970~978 nm 半導(dǎo)體激光泵浦下,,發(fā)出1.0~1.61μm的激光,,英國(guó)南安普頓大學(xué)已經(jīng)制備出1800W 高功率激光器。此外,,南安普頓大學(xué)還對(duì)摻Er3+光纖激光器進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間研究,,制造出了激光波長(zhǎng)位于通信窗口的Er3+光纖激光器,其輸出功率達(dá)到150W,。美國(guó)NP Photonoics公司,,亞利桑那大學(xué)也制造出性能優(yōu)良的摻Er3+光纖激光器,并且進(jìn)行了實(shí)際應(yīng)用,。最近,,位于美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州牛津市的IPG 公司設(shè)計(jì)出準(zhǔn)連續(xù)高脈沖能量YSL-600/6000-QCM-AC型號(hào)的光纖激光器,平均功率600W,,最高峰值功率6000W,,最大脈沖持續(xù)時(shí)間10ms,最大占空比10%,,其轉(zhuǎn)換效率達(dá)到30%,,可進(jìn)行快速加工,、焊接、打孔等工藝操作,。

  SPI公司推出Red Power 400W單模和平頂多模光纖激光器,。特別適合切割和焊接薄型和中型金屬工件。長(zhǎng)崎造船廠將美國(guó)IPG公司生產(chǎn)的l0kW光纖激光器和電弧進(jìn)行復(fù)合焊接,,顯著提高了船舶焊接質(zhì)量,,降低了成本,提高了經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,。

  人眼安全波長(zhǎng)的高功率光纖激光器的發(fā)展也很快,,主要以摻Tm”和摻Ho”離子為主,它們的激光波長(zhǎng)范圍在1.5-1.6μm 和2.0μm附近,。采用摻Nd3+YAG激光器的1.06μm泵浦摻Tm3+的石英光纖,, 已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了2.038μm激光輸出。美國(guó)NP Photonics公司在摻Tm 的鍺酸鹽玻璃中泵浦出1.7-2.017μm的激光,,美國(guó)的Norhtrop Grumman利用合成組束方法,,在摻Tm3+光纖激光器中輸出了608W的2.04μm的激光。人們應(yīng)用Tm3+,,Ho3+和Er3+共摻方法,實(shí)現(xiàn)了中紅外波段的激光輸出,,其波長(zhǎng)范圍為2.0-2.8μm,。但是,對(duì)于發(fā)射3.0-3.5μm的中紅外光纖激光器的研究還處于探索中,,只有低溫下才能實(shí)現(xiàn)激光輸出,。

  除了應(yīng)用摻雜稀土材料制造激光介質(zhì)之外,人們已經(jīng)開始運(yùn)用過渡金屬離子研制光纖激光器,。俄羅斯科學(xué)院,,日本大阪大學(xué)都對(duì)摻Bi2+離子激光器特性進(jìn)行了研究。并制備出1.1-1.5μm的光纖激光器,,而且對(duì)于其它過渡族金屬離子的激光器特性也進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn),,例如Ni2+,Cr4+等元素也都受到了研究者的重視,。

  德國(guó)弗勞恩霍夫激光技術(shù)研究所制造出了平均功率400W的飛秒光纖激光器,,創(chuàng)下了光纖飛秒激光輸出功率的新記錄。但是,,對(duì)于峰值功率已經(jīng)達(dá)到太瓦和拍瓦的飛秒光纖激光器,,還不能達(dá)到完美實(shí)用化的要求,尤其是要增大它的有效模面積,、增加介質(zhì)摻雜濃度和耦合效率,,進(jìn)一步提高它的性能參數(shù),,以加快其實(shí)用化進(jìn)程。

  我國(guó)的光纖激光器的應(yīng)用和產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展也很快,。尤其是國(guó)家提出要加快培育和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的決定,,更加有力地提升了光纖激光器技術(shù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。西安光機(jī)所研制出全光纖激光器,,輸出功率達(dá)到1000 W,,并對(duì)功率合成技術(shù)有了較大的發(fā)展 ;武漢瑞科公司生產(chǎn)了新的15W 和30W脈沖光纖激光器特別適合于高速打標(biāo),、硅片劃線等工藝,;南開大學(xué),華南理工大學(xué)都進(jìn)行了摻Er3+光纖的研究,,取得長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展,;上海團(tuán)結(jié)普瑞瑪公司的OLPC1530平面激光切割機(jī),已經(jīng)在航天,、汽車,、電器兵器工業(yè),、包裝印刷等不同領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用 ,。大族激光的B3015LS一2000激光切割機(jī),,切割速度達(dá)到19m/min,,在汽車制造,、廚具加工等行業(yè)都有著很大的市場(chǎng)潛力,;華工激光,,法力萊Walc系列大幅面數(shù)控光纖激光與等離子共軌切割機(jī),,對(duì)厚板,、中板都能一次上料完成切割 ,;南京四開電子企業(yè)有限公司與清華大學(xué)合作,研制出五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)激光加工機(jī)床,,光纖激光器的轉(zhuǎn)換效率可達(dá)到30%,。武漢楚天激光集團(tuán)股份有限公司制備出的大型光纖激光器切割機(jī)成功用于升空的神舟七號(hào)飛船,還在軍工加工中做出重要貢獻(xiàn),。武漢的華工科技成立了軍用激光技術(shù)研究所,,他們利用光纖激光器進(jìn)行激光打標(biāo)、激光焊接,、激光切割,、激光精密修調(diào)、激光表面處理及其它軍工方面的工藝操作,。

  總之,,國(guó)內(nèi)的一些公司已經(jīng)廣泛地使用光纖激光器開展了許多領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,而且還在不斷地?cái)U(kuò)展中,,光纖激光器的應(yīng)用在國(guó)內(nèi)形成了一個(gè)很大的市場(chǎng),,具有巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。但是,我?guó)的光纖激光器發(fā)展很晚,,落后于國(guó)際的研發(fā)水平,,在國(guó)內(nèi)所有這些大公司中,幾乎全部使用國(guó)外進(jìn)口的光纖激光器,。因此,,開展具有獨(dú)立知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的激光材料研究和光纖激光器的制備研究,尤其是開展光子晶體光纖激光器的研究,,是十分緊迫的,,具有重大的科學(xué)價(jià)值和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的。

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