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涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范的沖突解決——論形式和實質(zhì)二分法
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理
柴雪映
山東大學(xué)法學(xué)院
摘要: 目前涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范在適用中存在沖突,,沖突解決不當導(dǎo)致法律責任歸結(jié)失衡,。判斷涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范沖突的本質(zhì),,可將其分為法益侵害單一性的形式?jīng)_突和法益侵害多重性的實質(zhì)沖突。涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范沖突解決的前提是:明確《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》《個人信息保護法》及《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》保護法益所指涉對象的不同及關(guān)聯(lián)性,;厘清法律規(guī)范間的關(guān)系輪廓。涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范的沖突解決方式需要類型化區(qū)分形式?jīng)_突及實質(zhì)沖突,,形式?jīng)_突類比于《刑法》中法條競合,,遵循“特別優(yōu)先”;實質(zhì)沖突類比于《刑法》中想象競合和并罰競合,,遵循“擇一重罪處罰”或“并罰”,。正確解決涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范沖突不僅實現(xiàn)恰當評價涉數(shù)據(jù)違法行為的目標,也是提升數(shù)據(jù)生產(chǎn)力的內(nèi)在要求,。
中圖分類號:D913文獻標識碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.07.012
引用格式:柴雪映.涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范的沖突解決——論形式和實質(zhì)二分法[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,,2024,43(7):77-86.
Conflict resolution of data-related legal norms: form and substance dichotomy
Chai Xueying
School of Law, Shandong University
Abstract: At present, there are conflicts in the application of data-related legal norms, and improper resolution of the conflicts leads to the imbalance of legal liability attribution. To judge the nature of the conflict of legal norms related to data, it can be divided into the form conflict of single infringement of legal interests and the substantive conflict of multiple infringement of legal interests.The premise of resolving the conflict of data-related legal norms is to clarify the differences and relevance of the objects involved in the data security law, the personal information protection law and the network security law;Clarify the outline of the relationship between legal norms.The conflict resolution of data-related legal norms needs to be classified into formal conflict and substantive conflict, which is analogous to the concurrence of articles in criminal law and follows the principle of special priority; Substantive conflict is analogous to imaginative concurrence and concurrent punishment concurrence in criminal law, which follows the principle of choosing one heavy or concurrent punishment. Correctly resolving the conflict of data-related legal norms not only achieves the goal of properly evaluating data-related illegal acts, but also is the inherent requirement of improving data productivity.
Key words : conflict of legal norms; legal interest; substantive conflict; data,;coopetition

引言

涉數(shù)據(jù)活動的行政治理問題在《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》頒布后引發(fā)理論上空前關(guān)注[1-2],,可以說《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》與早前頒布的《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》及《個人信息保護法》共同筑起了較為嚴密的涉數(shù)據(jù)治理的法律規(guī)范網(wǎng)格。但在適法實踐中,,卻呈現(xiàn)較為混亂的打擊局面,,這與規(guī)范網(wǎng)格所構(gòu)想的嚴密周詳?shù)摹皯?yīng)治”藍圖產(chǎn)生較大出入?!暗蔚伟浮笔恰稊?shù)據(jù)安全法》施行后,,在全國范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生較大影響的涉數(shù)據(jù)行政處罰案件。2021年7月,,為防范數(shù)據(jù)安全風險,,國家網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全審查辦公室依據(jù)《國家安全法》及《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》,按照《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全審查辦法》對滴滴公司實施網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全審查,,最終因滴滴公司存在嚴重影響國家安全的數(shù)據(jù)處理活動等其他違法違規(guī)問題,,對滴滴全球股份有限公司依法作出行政處罰決定,對公司處人民幣80.26億元罰款,。實際上,,“滴滴案”就是典型的涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范沖突的適法表達。在北大法寶法律數(shù)據(jù)庫中行政處罰下分別以“數(shù)據(jù)安全” “網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全”和“個人信息”為關(guān)鍵詞進行檢索,,顯示自2021年起,,前兩類行政處罰案件數(shù)量大幅增長,而個人信息類案件卻呈遞減趨勢,。這與涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范之間的聯(lián)動性,,以及新增可適用法律依據(jù)后案件數(shù)量同步增加的規(guī)律產(chǎn)生矛盾。導(dǎo)致這種矛盾產(chǎn)生的原因可能是行政治理不當,,包括行政處罰案件事實認定錯誤,、適法不當或處罰力度差異較大等問題,。行政治理域始終是國家治理的主體部分,就涉數(shù)據(jù)活動而言,,涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范的沖突可以精確定位至《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》《個人信息保護法》和《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》以上三部法律的適用上,。我國《立法法》第五章從普適性規(guī)則和兜底性制度兩方面構(gòu)建了沖突解決機制:一是直接解決機制,即明確了“上位法優(yōu)于下位法”“新法優(yōu)于舊法”“特別法優(yōu)于一般法”的三大沖突處理規(guī)則,;二是間接解決機制,,即將無法適用沖突處理規(guī)則的法律規(guī)范沖突幾乎全部納入送請裁決范圍[3]。但也有論者指出,,該機制在司法實踐中遭遇挑戰(zhàn):適用沖突處理規(guī)則可能導(dǎo)致裁判結(jié)果不具有可接受性,;裁決制度從未實際操作過形同虛設(shè)[4]。上述涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范如果發(fā)生沖突,,則直接解決機制處于失靈狀態(tài),,并因為經(jīng)濟和效率的考慮使得間接解決機制在法律規(guī)范沖突解決中幾乎沒有適用空間。法律規(guī)范沖突解決的根本邏輯在于正確評價違法事實和違法行為,。因此,,根本邏輯的實踐在于分析歸納涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范沖突情形、判斷沖突實質(zhì),,并明確沖突解決的前提,,在此基礎(chǔ)上及時糾正適法誤區(qū),為法律規(guī)范沖突提供解決方案,,實現(xiàn)涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范設(shè)立的目的,,鞏固并提升涉數(shù)據(jù)法律規(guī)范及治理公信力,。


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作者信息:

柴雪映

(山東大學(xué)法學(xué)院,山東青島266200)


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