《電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用》
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淺談消息中間件IBM WebSphere MQ
王 建1,江 婷2
1.中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué) 蘇州軟件學(xué)院,江蘇 蘇州 215123,;2.上海南洋高科技有限公司,,上海 20
摘要: 在ASP.NET網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序開發(fā)中,由數(shù)據(jù)庫驅(qū)動(dòng)的Web應(yīng)用程序,,為詳細(xì)地論述了MQ的基本概念,、工作原理、基本配置及其在實(shí)際中的應(yīng)用,。
Abstract:
Key words :

摘  要: 詳細(xì)地論述了MQ的基本概念,、工作原理、基本配置及其在實(shí)際中的應(yīng)用,。
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1 WebSphere MQ出現(xiàn)的背景
    許多企業(yè)隨著自身規(guī)模不斷壯大和信息化建設(shè)的加快,會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同部門有不同的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),,不同子系統(tǒng)完成不同的功能,,但各個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間往往互不相連或聯(lián)系很少,而形成諸多內(nèi)部“信息孤島”的現(xiàn)象,。因此,,每次互聯(lián)都需要單獨(dú)設(shè)立1個(gè)項(xiàng)目,將雙方的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行改造,。浪費(fèi)了許多人力物力,,直接影響企業(yè)內(nèi)部整個(gè)運(yùn)作,,影響企業(yè)的快速?zèng)Q策,對企業(yè)長期的發(fā)展形成瓶頸,。面對這種情況,,如何使企業(yè)像是一個(gè)有機(jī)的生物體,有能力進(jìn)行自身的新陳代謝,,自我更新,,各個(gè)子系統(tǒng)分工明確,互相之間又具備有機(jī)的聯(lián)系,。系統(tǒng)的整合是個(gè)好辦法,,換句話說,就是不需要改造各個(gè)子系統(tǒng),,而是借助某種中間件來加強(qiáng)子系統(tǒng)間的聯(lián)系,。
    IBM WebSphere MQ就是這樣一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的用于應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)間聯(lián)系的軟件。它是IBM的商業(yè)通信中間件,,由1個(gè)消息傳輸系統(tǒng)和1個(gè)應(yīng)用程序接口組成,,其資源是消息和隊(duì)列。它提供一個(gè)具有工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),、安全,、可靠的消息傳輸系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)控制和管理集成的商業(yè)應(yīng)用,,使得組成這個(gè)商業(yè)應(yīng)用的多個(gè)子系統(tǒng)之間通過傳遞消息完成整個(gè)工作流程,。通過消息傳遞,將不同子系統(tǒng)有效地聯(lián)系起來,,每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)都可以對外提供自身的功能,,其中消息是應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)之間請求、應(yīng)答和中間結(jié)果的載體,。不斷流動(dòng)的消息將松耦合關(guān)系的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)串起來,,使它們之間的關(guān)系變成了功能疊加。WebSphere MQ可以屏蔽不同的通信協(xié)議之間的差別,,可以最大限度地簡化網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程的復(fù)雜性,;同時(shí),它支持多種平臺(tái),,對消息支持交易式的提交和回滾,。
2 WebSphere MQ的基本概念[1]
2.1 消息

    消息是WebSphere MQ中最小的概念,是一段數(shù)據(jù),,是應(yīng)用程序之間傳遞的信息載體,。消息分為持久和非持久消息;可以是1個(gè)請求、1個(gè)應(yīng)答,、1個(gè)報(bào)告或1份報(bào)文等,。1個(gè)消息大致分成兩部分:消息數(shù)據(jù)頭和應(yīng)用數(shù)據(jù)體。前者是對消息屬性的描述,,后者是應(yīng)用間傳送的數(shù)據(jù)消息,,可以是字串、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)甚至二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù),。
2.2 隊(duì)列
    隊(duì)列可以看作是用于存儲(chǔ)消息的容器,,并且存儲(chǔ)是有順序的。隊(duì)列可分為本地隊(duì)列,、遠(yuǎn)程隊(duì)列,、模型隊(duì)列、別名隊(duì)列等,,其中只有本地隊(duì)列是真正意義上的隊(duì)列實(shí)體,,可以存放消息;遠(yuǎn)程隊(duì)列和別名隊(duì)列只是一種隊(duì)列定義,,指向另一個(gè)隊(duì)列實(shí)體,,即遠(yuǎn)程隊(duì)列指向的是其他隊(duì)列管理器中的隊(duì)列,別名隊(duì)列指向的是本地隊(duì)列管理器中的隊(duì)列,;模型隊(duì)列描述了模型的屬性,,當(dāng)打開模型隊(duì)列的時(shí)候,隊(duì)列管理器會(huì)以這個(gè)定義為模型,,創(chuàng)建1個(gè)本地隊(duì)列,,即動(dòng)態(tài)隊(duì)列。
2.3 隊(duì)列管理器
    隊(duì)列管理器是MQ系統(tǒng)中最基礎(chǔ)的一個(gè)概念,,是消息隊(duì)列的管理者,用來維護(hù)和管理消息隊(duì)列,,負(fù)責(zé)向應(yīng)用程序提供消息服務(wù)的機(jī)構(gòu),。如果把隊(duì)列管理器比作是數(shù)據(jù)庫,那么隊(duì)列就是其中的1張表,,消息就是表中的1條記錄,。
2.4 通道
    通道是WebSphere MQ系統(tǒng)中隊(duì)列管理器通信雙方建立起來的通信連接,是MQ產(chǎn)品的精華,??梢栽诓煌耐ǖ郎吓渲貌煌耐ㄐ艆f(xié)議,使得編程接口與通信協(xié)議無關(guān),,通道是架設(shè)在通信協(xié)議之上的對象,。
    在WebSphere MQ中,主要有兩大通道類型:消息通道和MQI通道。
    消息通道是通過消息代理(MCA)把2個(gè)隊(duì)列管理器連接起來的單向連接,,因此,,要實(shí)現(xiàn)把分布式的隊(duì)列中的消息從源隊(duì)列管理器發(fā)送到目的隊(duì)列管理器,必需在源隊(duì)列管理器中定義1個(gè)發(fā)送通道,,在目的隊(duì)列管理器中定義1個(gè)接收通道,。當(dāng)要傳輸消息時(shí),源系統(tǒng)的發(fā)送通道啟動(dòng)通道,,向接收通道發(fā)送啟動(dòng)請求,,然后從傳輸隊(duì)列發(fā)送消息到接收通道;接收通道把消息放到目標(biāo)隊(duì)列,,如圖1所示,。消息通道分為發(fā)送通道、接收通道,、服務(wù)器通道,、請求器通道、群集發(fā)送通道,、群集接收通道等不同類型,,供用戶在不同情況下使用。

    MQI通道是WebSphere MQ客戶端和服務(wù)器上的隊(duì)列管理器的通信通道,,是雙向而且是同步的,,這點(diǎn)不同于消息通道。
3 WebSphere MQ的工作原理
    WebSphere MQ的工作原理如圖2所示,。

    (1)本地通信:程序A,、B運(yùn)行于同一系統(tǒng)1中,程序A向隊(duì)列1發(fā)送1條信息后,,程序B需要時(shí)就可以獲取該信息,。
    (2)遠(yuǎn)程通信:若信息傳輸?shù)哪繕?biāo)改為程序C,程序A向隊(duì)列2發(fā)送1條信息后,,系統(tǒng)1中的隊(duì)列管理器1發(fā)現(xiàn)隊(duì)列2實(shí)際上位于系統(tǒng)2中,,它會(huì)將信息放到本地的1個(gè)特殊隊(duì)列——傳輸隊(duì)列;接著消息通道代理(MCA)將從傳輸隊(duì)列中讀取該消息,,并傳遞到系統(tǒng)2,,然后等待確認(rèn)。只有MQ接到系統(tǒng)2成功收到信息的確認(rèn)之后,,它才從傳輸隊(duì)列中真正將該信息刪除,。如果遇到通信線路不通或系統(tǒng)2不在運(yùn)行等故障時(shí),信息會(huì)留在傳輸隊(duì)列中,,直到被成功地傳送到目的地,。這是MQ最基本也是最重要的技術(shù),即確保信息傳輸,并且是1次且僅1次的傳遞[2],。
4 WebSphere MQ的雙向通信配置應(yīng)用舉例
    根據(jù)WebSphere MQ的工作原理,,配置2個(gè)隊(duì)列管理器,實(shí)現(xiàn)兩者雙向通信,,如圖3所示,。


    腳本如下:
    QM1:
    DEFIEN QLOCAL(QL_QM1) REPLACE
    DEFINE QLOCAL(SENDER1) USAGE(XMITQ) REPLACE
    DEFINE QREMOTE(REMOTE1) RNAME(QL_QM2)
            RQMNAME(QM2) XMITQ(SENDER1) REPLACE
    DEFINE CHANNEL(QM1.QM2) CHLTYPE(SVR)
            TRPTYPE(TCP) CONNAME(192.168.0.100(1416))
            XMITQ(SENDER1) REPLACE
    DEFINE CHANNEL(QM2.QM1) CHLTYPE(RCVR)
            TRPTYPE(TCP) REPLACE
    QM2:
    DEFIEN QLOCAL(QL_QM2) REPLACE
    DEFINE QLOCAL(SENDER2) USAGE(XMITQ) REPLACE
    DEFINE QREMOTE(REMOTE2) RNAME(QL_QM1)
            RQMNAME(QM1) XMITQ(SENDER2) REPLACE
    DEFINE CHANNEL(QM2.QM1) CHLTYPE(SVR)
            TRPTYPE(TCP) CONNAME (192.168.0.100(1415))
            XMITQ(SENDER2) REPLACE
    DEFINE CHANNEL(QM1.QM2) CHLTYPE(RCVR)
            TRPTYPE(TCP) REPLACE
5 WebSphere MQ的通信方式
    WebSphere MQ的通信方式分為點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)和訂閱/發(fā)布的方式[3]。
5.1 點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)方式
    點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)方式是最為傳統(tǒng)和常見的通信方式,,它是通過定義遠(yuǎn)程隊(duì)列,、傳輸隊(duì)列和通道的方式將隊(duì)列管理器聯(lián)系起來,可實(shí)現(xiàn)2個(gè)單點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)之間的直接互連或者多點(diǎn)系統(tǒng)鏈?zhǔn)降拈g接互聯(lián),。
    點(diǎn)對點(diǎn)的另一種擴(kuò)展通信方式:分發(fā)列表,,類似廣播。該方式可以使用1條MQ指令將單一消息發(fā)送到多個(gè)目標(biāo)隊(duì)列,,這些多個(gè)目標(biāo)隊(duì)列放在分發(fā)列表中,。MQ不僅提供了多點(diǎn)廣播的功能,而且還擁有智能消息分發(fā)功能,,在將1條消息發(fā)送到同一系統(tǒng)上的多個(gè)用戶時(shí),,MQ將消息的一個(gè)復(fù)制版本和該系統(tǒng)上接收者的名單發(fā)送到目標(biāo)MQ系統(tǒng)。目標(biāo)MQ系統(tǒng)在本地復(fù)制這些消息,,并將它們發(fā)送到名單上的隊(duì)列,,從而盡可能減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳輸量。如圖4所示,。

5.2 發(fā)布/訂閱方式
    在該通信方式中發(fā)布者和訂閱者要到代理中注冊,,分別告訴代理將要發(fā)布的消息主題和需要訂閱的主題。當(dāng)發(fā)布者發(fā)布被訂主題的消息時(shí),,代理會(huì)將其發(fā)送給所有的訂閱者以及向其訂閱該主題的相鄰代理,,由相鄰代理再進(jìn)一步廣播,直至到達(dá)目的地,;若代理找到訂閱者要訂的主題,,則自動(dòng)地向相鄰的代理訂閱,從而形成訂閱鏈,。發(fā)布者和訂閱者可以隨時(shí)向代理注銷,退出消息發(fā)布網(wǎng)絡(luò),,如圖5所示,。

    發(fā)布/訂閱方式使消息的分發(fā)突破目的隊(duì)列地理位置的限制,使得發(fā)送者和接收者之間的耦合關(guān)系變得更為松散,,消息的接收者和發(fā)送者都不必關(guān)心對方的地址,,而只是根據(jù)消息的主題甚至內(nèi)容進(jìn)行消息的收發(fā)。
6 前景展望
    憑借WebSphere MQ的超強(qiáng)的底層通信能力,結(jié)合IBM的企業(yè)總線產(chǎn)品WebSphere Message Broker構(gòu)造面向服務(wù)的架構(gòu)可以成功地集成來自多個(gè)部門和機(jī)構(gòu)跨不同平臺(tái)的產(chǎn)品和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng),,以滿足業(yè)務(wù)上靈活多變的需求。
    目前,,在國外,,美國大通銀行、意大利米蘭大眾銀行,、阿根廷BPBA銀行都有成功的應(yīng)用,;在國內(nèi),人民銀行TIPS系統(tǒng),、中國移動(dòng),、中國長航南京長江油運(yùn)公司等已取得了初步的成效??梢?,中間件產(chǎn)品未來的應(yīng)用前景是非常廣闊的。
    本文從當(dāng)前許多企業(yè)內(nèi)部的不同應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)很難互聯(lián)的問題出發(fā)提出IBM的中間件產(chǎn)品WebSphere MQ,,較詳細(xì)闡述了WebSphere MQ的基本概念及對象,、工作原理以及通信方式,通過配置2個(gè)隊(duì)列管理器實(shí)現(xiàn)雙向通信例子加深理解,,并對WebSphere MQ的應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行了展望,。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 甘荃,婁麗軍.IBM Websphere MQ基礎(chǔ)教程[M].北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,,2004.
[2] 婁麗軍.消息中間件及WebSphere MQ入門[M].DeveloperWorks(中國).http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/websphere/.2003.
[3] 陳宇翔.精通WebSphere MQ[M].合肥:安徽科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,,2004.

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