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高速PCB電路電源完整性仿真分析
2019年電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用第9期
孟祥勝,,車(chē) 凱,栗曉鋒,,李玖法,,李蘇炫,,何雪琴
湖北汽車(chē)工業(yè)學(xué)院 電氣與信息工程學(xué)院,,湖北 十堰442002
摘要: 針對(duì)日益復(fù)雜的高速印制電路板(Printed Circuit Board,,PCB)電源電壓波動(dòng)問(wèn)題,,提出一種基于電源分配網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Power Distribution Network,,PDN)與目標(biāo)阻抗協(xié)同仿真設(shè)計(jì)的方法,,對(duì)1.15 V電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)的電源完整性(Power Integrity,PI)進(jìn)行研究,。主要涉及兩個(gè)方面:(1)直流分析,,通過(guò)加寬覆銅面積、減少回流路徑等措施使1.15 V電壓降從9 mV跌落至2.5 mV,、溫度從1.3 ℃降至0.1 ℃,、直流電流密度從91.340 3 A/mm2降至82.393 5 A/mm2,;(2)交流分析,從諧振分布和PDN輸入阻抗分析,,在987.34 MHz諧振點(diǎn)處添加22 μF去耦電容,,搭建去耦網(wǎng)絡(luò)去除風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)。仿真結(jié)果表明該方法有效地減少了高速PCB電路潛在的電壓波動(dòng)和目標(biāo)阻抗不匹配的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,從而提高了電源系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性和可靠性,。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): TN914.3
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI:10.16157/j.issn.0258-7998.190163
中文引用格式: 孟祥勝,車(chē)凱,,栗曉鋒,,等. 高速PCB電路電源完整性仿真分析[J].電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用,2019,,45(9):50-52,,59.
英文引用格式: Meng Xiangsheng,Che Kai,,Li Xiaofeng,,et al. High-speed PCB circuit power integrity simulation analysis[J]. Application of Electronic Technique,2019,,45(9):50-52,,59.
High-speed PCB circuit power integrity simulation analysis
Meng Xiangsheng,,Che Kai,,Li Xiaofeng,Li Jiufa,,Li Suxuan,,He Xueqin
College of Electrical and Information Engineering,Hubei Automotive Industry Institute,,Shiyan 442002,,China
Abstract: Aiming at the increasingly complicated high-speed PCB power supply voltage fluctuation problem, a method based on PDN(Power Distribution Network) and target impedance co-simulation design is proposed for the 1.15 V power network. PI(Power Integrity) was studied. Mainly involved in two aspects:(1)DC analysis, by widening the copper area, reducing the return path and other measures to reduce the 1.15 V voltage drop from 9 mV to 2.5 mV, the temperature from 1.3 ℃ to 0.1 ℃, DC current density from 91.340 3 A/mm2 drops to 82.393 5 A/mm2;(2)AC analysis, from the resonance distribution and PDN input impedance analysis, add 22 μF decoupling capacitor at the 987.34 MHz resonance point to build a decoupling network to remove the risk point. The simulation results show that the method effectively reduces the risk of potential voltage fluctuation and target impedance mismatch in high-speed PCB circuits, thus improving the stability and reliability of the power system.
Key words : PCB,;power integrity,;PDN;target impedance

0 引言

    隨著半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,,電子設(shè)備的集成度[1]不斷提高,,性能不斷加強(qiáng),同時(shí)系統(tǒng)的功耗不斷降低,,這給系統(tǒng)的電源設(shè)計(jì)帶來(lái)巨大挑戰(zhàn),。PI[2-5]的仿真分析已成為高速數(shù)字系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不可或缺的環(huán)節(jié)之一,設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)穩(wěn)定可靠的電源方案是系統(tǒng)正常工作的前提,。本文以IMX53的8層高速板卡為例,,通過(guò)目標(biāo)阻抗法對(duì)電源分配網(wǎng)絡(luò)[6-9]PDN問(wèn)題進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,,使得系統(tǒng)的電源完整性滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。

1 電源完整性分析

    PI是指電路系統(tǒng)的供電電源在經(jīng)過(guò)傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)后提供符合器件工作的電源要求,。PI分析的目的為電源方案的設(shè)計(jì)提供指導(dǎo),,為系統(tǒng)正常工作提供高性能電源;PI設(shè)計(jì)的目的是降低電源平面和地平面的阻抗,,借助電源分析工具優(yōu)化電源平面和地平面阻抗,,消除諧振點(diǎn)處阻抗不匹配,提高板卡的可靠性,、安全性和電磁兼容性,。

1.1 PDN的設(shè)計(jì)與目標(biāo)阻抗

    目前,PDN設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為混合數(shù)字系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一[10-13],。在高速數(shù)字系統(tǒng)中,,PDN阻抗受頻率影響較大,電源供電端(Voltage Regulator Module,,VRM)是PDN的電源供電端,,不同的VRM會(huì)導(dǎo)致阻抗曲線發(fā)生變化;當(dāng)瞬時(shí)流通過(guò)時(shí),會(huì)導(dǎo)致電源平面阻抗不匹配,,產(chǎn)生電源波動(dòng)和電壓擺動(dòng),,造成系統(tǒng)供電不連續(xù),影響系統(tǒng)的正常工作[14-15],。為確保系統(tǒng)正常工作,,去耦電容[16-17]應(yīng)盡量靠近芯片電源管腳處且保證阻抗盡量小,優(yōu)化電源平面的阻抗特性,。

    高速PCB電路的PDN簡(jiǎn)化模型如圖1所示,,該模型包括VRM、PCB平板電容,、封裝基板電容,、片上電容[18]和芯片。

wdz5-t1.gif

    去耦電容作為高速信號(hào)的終端負(fù)載和信號(hào)線上的隔離器件,,當(dāng)負(fù)載瞬時(shí)電流發(fā)生變化時(shí),,穩(wěn)壓電源不能實(shí)時(shí)響應(yīng),去耦電容將直接為負(fù)載芯片提供電流,。因此在交流信號(hào)電路中加入耦合電容,,降低了電源系統(tǒng)中的交流阻抗。PDN簡(jiǎn)化模型的目標(biāo)阻抗[19-21]定義如式(1)所示[22-23]

    wdz5-gs1.gif

    式中:ZT為目標(biāo)阻抗,,Udd為電源電壓,,rip為電壓波動(dòng)范圍,Imax為最大瞬態(tài)電流,。

1.2 PI設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化流程

    針對(duì)日益突出的PI問(wèn)題,,本文提出一種基于PDN與目標(biāo)阻抗協(xié)同仿真方法,,PI設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化流程如圖2所示。首先通過(guò)直流壓降仿真分析1.15 V電源平面壓降,、電流密度及溫升等指標(biāo),,減少不合理的電源層分割以及不理想的電流路徑造成的壓降過(guò)大、電流密度偏大和溫升偏高等問(wèn)題,;在此基礎(chǔ)上重點(diǎn)分析了L4_POWER 1.15 V電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)在1 MHz~1.5 GHz范圍內(nèi)的諧振頻點(diǎn),,并結(jié)合多極網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Multi Pole Network,MPN)并聯(lián)多個(gè)22 μF去耦電容,,消除在987.34 MHz產(chǎn)生的諧振效應(yīng),,從而減少噪聲耦合;最后通過(guò)PDN輸入阻抗仿真分析1.15 V電源平面處阻抗特性,,判斷ZT是否小于目標(biāo)阻抗,,并根據(jù)判斷結(jié)果添加去耦電容消除諧振點(diǎn),去除PDN的諧振風(fēng)險(xiǎn),。

wdz5-t2.gif

2 仿真結(jié)果分析

2.1 IMX53板卡介紹

    本文以IMX53的8層板卡為例,,進(jìn)行電源完整性仿真分析,仿真分析軟件采用Allegro PCB PI Option XL,。IMX53板卡布線如圖3所示,, PCB板疊層設(shè)置為:TOPL2_Gnd-L3_Signal_1-L4_Gnd/Pwr-L5_Gnd/Pwr-L6_Signal_2-L7_Gnd-Bottom,處理器IMX53主頻可擴(kuò)展到1 GHz~1.2 GHz,,SDRAM采用MT41J128M16HA,,主頻在1 333 MHz左右。JTAG口的電壓1.8 V,,SDRAM電壓1.5 V,,VDD_ANA_PLL電壓為1.3 V,,NVCC_GPIO電壓為3.3 V,,VDDGP電壓1.15 V。

wdz5-t3.gif

2.2 直流分析

    在高速數(shù)字系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中,,存在大量平面層分割,、過(guò)孔、不理想的電流路徑和信號(hào)線的分布,,直接導(dǎo)致了PDN的直流供電受到影響,。因此對(duì)電源平面進(jìn)行直流壓降仿真有利于指導(dǎo)電源平面的過(guò)孔設(shè)計(jì),降低過(guò)孔直流電流密度,,同時(shí)改善PDN的直流特性,,防止過(guò)高電壓降落產(chǎn)生的“軌道坍塌”造成的系統(tǒng)故障。直流壓降分析了VDDGP 1.15 V電源平面上的電壓降落,。表1為該P(yáng)CB 1.15 V電源平面直流優(yōu)化前后結(jié)果,。

wdz5-b1.gif

    電流密度的計(jì)算公式如式(2)所示:

    wdz5-gs2.gif

    式中:I為電源平面的電流密度,;K是與環(huán)境相關(guān)常量包括內(nèi)線層和外線層,內(nèi)線層K=0.024,,外線層K=0.048,;T為溫升;A為電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆銅面積,。通過(guò)對(duì)VDDGP 1.15 V電源平面的直流壓降仿真分析表明,,優(yōu)化后1.15 V電源的電壓降落從9 mV降至2.5 mV,溫升從1.3 ℃降至0.1 ℃,,電流密度從91.340 3 A/mm2降至82.393 5 A/mm2,,優(yōu)化后的電源平面特性得到改善。

2.3 交流分析

2.3.1 諧振分布仿真分析

    PCB電源平面為分布式網(wǎng)絡(luò),,可等價(jià)為矩形諧振腔,。不同頻率的信號(hào)經(jīng)邊緣反射后產(chǎn)生諧振效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致在不同的諧振點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生不同的壓降,。通過(guò)Sigrity Power SI工具進(jìn)行板級(jí)不同頻率的諧振點(diǎn)分析,,包括芯片引腳電壓、阻抗連續(xù)特性,、信號(hào)反射等,,重點(diǎn)分析了L4_POWER 1.15 V電源平面在1 MHz~1.5 GHz范圍內(nèi)的諧振模式,發(fā)現(xiàn)在電源平面與地平面存在987.34 MHz的諧振效應(yīng), 如圖4(a)所示,。為消除諧振效應(yīng),,采用多極網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Multi Pole Network,MPN)并聯(lián)多個(gè)22 μF的去耦電容,,搭建去耦網(wǎng)絡(luò)以達(dá)到匹配阻抗的目的,,確保信號(hào)的有效傳輸。圖4顯示了通過(guò)去耦電容優(yōu)化前后的電源平面諧振情況,,表明電源平面的電壓波動(dòng)滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求,。

wdz5-t4.gif

2.3.2 諧振分布仿真分析

    PDN輸入阻抗仿真分析了負(fù)載處的高頻阻抗Z與目標(biāo)阻抗之間的關(guān)系,當(dāng)高頻阻抗大于目標(biāo)阻抗時(shí),,電源電壓波動(dòng)會(huì)超出安全范圍,,可能損壞芯片,造成電源系統(tǒng)的崩潰[24],。IMX53 1.15 V電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)允許波動(dòng)范圍為5%,,最大電流為2 A,截至頻率987.34 MHz,,本文中的板級(jí)目標(biāo)阻抗為28.75 mΩ,,優(yōu)化后的1.15 V電源平面的PDN輸入阻抗為20.43 mΩ,小于目標(biāo)阻抗28.75 mΩ,。

    1.15 V PDN輸入阻抗如圖5所示,,優(yōu)化前電源阻抗超過(guò)目標(biāo)阻抗,,通過(guò)在芯片周?chē)砑?2 μF電容去除風(fēng)險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),添加過(guò)孔,,減小過(guò)孔等效電阻(Equivalent Series Resistance,,ESR)和等效電感(Equivalent Series Inductance,ESL)的壓降,,降低電源平面阻抗,。仿真結(jié)果表明在987.34 MHz內(nèi)輸入阻抗小于28.75 mΩ,1.15 V PDN輸入阻抗?jié)M足設(shè)計(jì)要求,,不存在諧振頻率,,仿真結(jié)果如圖5所示。

wdz5-t5.gif

3 結(jié)論

    本文以典型IMX53高速數(shù)字系統(tǒng)為例,,提出一種基于PDN設(shè)計(jì)與目標(biāo)阻抗協(xié)同仿真設(shè)計(jì)方法并進(jìn)行直流和交流后仿真驗(yàn)證,。在直流分析中,從電壓降,、溫升和電流密度三個(gè)方面對(duì)1.15 V電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行分析,,通過(guò)增大覆銅面積、減少電流的回流路徑等措施使電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)直流電壓分布得到改善,;在交流分析中,,運(yùn)用目標(biāo)阻抗法對(duì)諧振分布和PDN輸入阻抗進(jìn)行分析,在電壓波動(dòng)較大處放置22 μF去耦電容,,減小電源平面和地平面間的諧振,,使1.15 V電源平面的電壓波動(dòng)符合設(shè)計(jì)要求。

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作者信息:

孟祥勝,,車(chē)  凱,,栗曉鋒,,李玖法,李蘇炫,,何雪琴

(湖北汽車(chē)工業(yè)學(xué)院 電氣與信息工程學(xué)院,,湖北 十堰442002)

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