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《瓦森納協(xié)定》調(diào)整下中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的思考
2020年電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用第10期
張 倩
北京市電子科技情報(bào)研究所,,北京100009
摘要: 半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)是高資本,、高投入、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)且進(jìn)入門檻高的產(chǎn)業(yè),,從產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀分析,,中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)除封測(cè)外,,設(shè)備及材料、設(shè)計(jì),、制造等環(huán)節(jié)仍處于低端水平,,高端產(chǎn)品嚴(yán)重依賴進(jìn)口。提高中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體國(guó)產(chǎn)化率水平面臨技術(shù)難度高,、資金投入巨大且國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏芯片設(shè)備,、設(shè)計(jì)與制造領(lǐng)域的高新人才等問題?!锻呱{協(xié)定》于2019年12月被重新修訂,,隨之增加了對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)光刻軟件和大硅片切磨拋技術(shù)的出口管制,面對(duì)如此變化我國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)勢(shì)必受到影響。從中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀入手,,分析目前產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)及問題,,并研究《瓦森納協(xié)定》重新修訂后對(duì)我國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)的影響,最后提出相應(yīng)的解決措施和建議,。
中圖分類號(hào): TN40
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI:10.16157/j.issn.0258-7998.200482
中文引用格式: 張倩. 《瓦森納協(xié)定》調(diào)整下中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的思考[J].電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用,,2020,46(10):34-38.
英文引用格式: Zhang Qian. Thoughts on the development of integrated circuit industry in China under the adjustment of Wassenaar agreement[J]. Application of Electronic Technique,,2020,,46(10):34-38.
Thoughts on the development of integrated circuit industry in China under the adjustment of Wassenaar agreement
Zhang Qian
Beijing Institute of Electronic Science and Technology Information,Beijing 100009,,China
Abstract: Semiconductor industry is a high capital, high input, high risk and high entry threshold industry. From the analysis of the industry status, except for the closed test, the equipment and materials, design, manufacturing and other aspects of semiconductor industry are still at a low level, high-end products are heavily dependent on imports. To raise the localization rate of China′s semiconductor industry is faced with many problems, such as high technical difficulty, large capital investment, lack of high-tech talents in chip equipment, design and manufacture, etc. The "Wassenaar agreement" was revised in December 2019 to include export controls on computer lithography software and the cutting and polishing of large silicon wafers, a change that is bound to affect the country′s semiconductor industry. This paper starts with the development situation of the semiconductor industry in China, analyzes the current industrial development situation and problems, studies the influence of the revised Wassenaar agreement on the semiconductor industry in China, and finally puts forward some corresponding solving measures and suggestions.
Key words : Wassenaar agreement,;technology control;semiconductor industry

0 引言

    半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)是電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的命脈,,作為高尖端和高附加價(jià)值產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)整個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和國(guó)家安全都具有舉足輕重的意義,,目前我國(guó)更是將半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)提升到國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略高度。提高中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)品國(guó)產(chǎn)化面臨技術(shù)難度超過,、資金投入巨大且國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏芯片設(shè)備,、設(shè)計(jì)與制造領(lǐng)域的高新人才等問題。半導(dǎo)體高端產(chǎn)品長(zhǎng)期依賴進(jìn)口的情況始終沒有緩解,,近五年來中國(guó)集成電路進(jìn)口數(shù)量不斷增加,,2019年集成電路進(jìn)口金額達(dá)到3 055.5億美元。

    《瓦森納協(xié)定》的主要內(nèi)容包含兩份管控清單,。一份是軍民兩用商品和技術(shù)清單,,另一份是軍用清單[1-2],對(duì)于兩份管控清單,,所有成員國(guó)必須簽署,。成員國(guó)在重要技術(shù)的出口決策上受美國(guó)控制,根本目的在于通過成員國(guó)間的信息通報(bào)制度[3-4],,阻止全球先進(jìn)技術(shù)落入成員國(guó)以外的如中國(guó),、朝鮮、伊朗等發(fā)展中國(guó)家,。

    2019年12月,,《瓦森納協(xié)定》被重新修訂,管控范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,,其中涉及半導(dǎo)體領(lǐng)域,,即與半導(dǎo)體光刻工藝研發(fā)相關(guān)的計(jì)算機(jī)光刻軟件、大硅片技術(shù),。隨著《瓦森納協(xié)議》的調(diào)整,,美國(guó)和日本等42個(gè)國(guó)家決定更改出口的管制范圍,,根據(jù)瓦森納協(xié)定,成員國(guó)對(duì)我國(guó)半導(dǎo)體出口一般按照N-2原則審批,,即比最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)晚兩代,,同時(shí)審理過程中再適當(dāng)拖延一段時(shí)間,那么我國(guó)勢(shì)必將比全球最先進(jìn)技術(shù)落后三代甚至更長(zhǎng),。由此可見,,我國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)將受到直接影響。

    本文從2019年中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r入手研究,,數(shù)據(jù)分析出中國(guó)集成電路進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易逆差依舊巨大,,高端產(chǎn)品依賴進(jìn)口的局面始終沒有扭轉(zhuǎn)。第二節(jié)主要分析新版《瓦森納協(xié)定》對(duì)于中國(guó)半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)造成的主要影響,,最后給出相應(yīng)的建議和措施,。




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作者信息:

張  倩

(北京市電子科技情報(bào)研究所,北京100009)

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