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我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境的安全監(jiān)管問(wèn)題研究
網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理 5期
焦小妹,沈本秋
(廣州大學(xué) 公共管理學(xué)院,,廣東 廣州510006)
摘要: 數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代,,數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)成為常態(tài)。伴隨企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)跨境規(guī)模越來(lái)越大,,所產(chǎn)生的隱私挑戰(zhàn)與安全威脅也隨之增加,研究企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境的安全監(jiān)管問(wèn)題具有重要的理論與實(shí)踐意義,。立足于我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,針對(duì)跨境數(shù)據(jù)采集、存儲(chǔ),、傳輸與交換,、銷(xiāo)毀等環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,,多維度、系統(tǒng)化分析其深層原因,。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境存在監(jiān)管制度供給不足,、數(shù)據(jù)出境安全評(píng)估的分類(lèi)分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有待完善、與國(guó)際社會(huì)對(duì)接不夠,、管理主體難以協(xié)同等問(wèn)題,。對(duì)此迫切需要實(shí)施出境數(shù)據(jù)全生命周期安全過(guò)程控制,對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管機(jī)制進(jìn)行擴(kuò)容,,健全出境數(shù)據(jù)分類(lèi)分級(jí)制度,,尋求國(guó)際規(guī)則制定中的銜接與共贏,建立多元主體聯(lián)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)的監(jiān)管機(jī)制,。
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): G203
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI: 10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2022.05.004
引用格式: 焦小妹,,沈本秋. 我國(guó)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境的安全監(jiān)管問(wèn)題研究[J].網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全與數(shù)據(jù)治理,2022,,41(5):22-29.
A study of the problems in security regulation of China′s enterprise data cross-border transfer
Jiao Xiaomei,,Shen Benqiu
(School of Public Administration,Guangzhou University,,Guangzhou 510006,,China)
Abstract: In the era of digital economy, the cross-border flow of data has become normal. Along with the increasing scale of enterprise data crossing borders, the privacy challenges and security threats generated have also increased. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the security supervision of enterprise data crossing borders. Based on the security risks of China′s enterprise data cross-border transfer, this paper analyzes the deep causes of cross-border data collection, storage, transmission and exchange, destruction and other aspects in a multi-dimensional and systematic manner. The study finds that there are problems such as insufficient supply of regulatory system, imperfect standards of classification and grading for data cross-border security assessment, insufficient integration with the international community, and difficulties in collaboration of management subjects. In this regard, it is urgent to implement the whole life cycle security process control of outbound data, expand the regulatory mechanism for cross-border data flow, improve the classification and grading system for outbound data, seek convergence and win-win situation in international rule-making, and establish a joint and coordinated regulatory mechanism for multiple subjects.
Key words : cross-border data flow;outbound data regulation,;full lifecycle security of data

0 引言

數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng),,又稱(chēng)信息跨境流動(dòng)、信息跨境轉(zhuǎn)移,,是指通過(guò)各種技術(shù)和方法,,實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)跨越國(guó)境(地理疆域)的流動(dòng)[1]。數(shù)字貿(mào)易時(shí)代,,數(shù)據(jù)流牽引和驅(qū)動(dòng)著商品流,、業(yè)務(wù)流、資金流及人才流等一系列全球貿(mào)易活動(dòng),,數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)規(guī)模大幅增長(zhǎng),,已成為促進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要引擎。數(shù)據(jù)跨越國(guó)家地理邊界時(shí),,地緣政治,、產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)博弈,、數(shù)據(jù)泄露、非法傳輸?shù)葐?wèn)題都可能出現(xiàn),,個(gè)人,、企業(yè)和國(guó)家的數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)益亦會(huì)受到影響,。出于數(shù)據(jù)安全性考慮,建立并完善數(shù)據(jù)安全監(jiān)管機(jī)制已成為各國(guó)的主要著力點(diǎn),。數(shù)據(jù)跨境包括數(shù)據(jù)出境和數(shù)據(jù)入境,。相對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)入境,數(shù)據(jù)出境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,,本文的討論語(yǔ)境正是數(shù)據(jù)出境安全監(jiān)管,。我國(guó)“十四五”規(guī)劃明確提出要建立跨境數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)安全監(jiān)管制度。近年來(lái),,我國(guó)陸續(xù)出臺(tái)《中華人民共和國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全法》),、《中華人民共和國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)安全法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《數(shù)據(jù)安全法》)、《中華人民共和國(guó)個(gè)人信息保護(hù)法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《個(gè)人信息保護(hù)法》)等法律法規(guī)保障國(guó)家數(shù)據(jù)安全,,但尚未出臺(tái)完備的數(shù)據(jù)出境安全監(jiān)管制度,。我國(guó)目前的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管機(jī)制與位居世界第二的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模仍不匹配。

國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者主要從三大視角對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)安全監(jiān)管進(jìn)行研究,。一是從立法角度比較分析各國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)的規(guī)制路徑,,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)前國(guó)際上存在四種典型的立法取向:美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益最大化原則下的寬松立法、歐盟人權(quán)保護(hù)原則下的嚴(yán)格立法,、俄羅斯數(shù)據(jù)主權(quán)安全戰(zhàn)略下的本地存取型立法,、澳大利亞數(shù)據(jù)安全與發(fā)展利益均衡原則下的折中型立法[2]。其中,,美國(guó)與歐盟在數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)領(lǐng)域已建立了相對(duì)完善的監(jiān)管體系[3],。美國(guó)憑借信息通信技術(shù)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)實(shí)力優(yōu)勢(shì)采取了最為寬松的監(jiān)管模式和最低限度的隱私權(quán)保護(hù)制度;歐盟基于尊重和保護(hù)人權(quán)的立法傳統(tǒng),,采取了更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的個(gè)人信息保護(hù)和更嚴(yán)格的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管規(guī)則[4],。第二種視角聚焦政策制定偏好,各國(guó)在數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)政策制定中會(huì)綜合考慮跨境雙方的數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)能力,、數(shù)字產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模,、數(shù)據(jù)安全保護(hù)立法、國(guó)際規(guī)則對(duì)接等因素,,繼而在寬松立法,、嚴(yán)格立法、低保護(hù)立法,、本地化存取型立法和折中型立法中選取最適合本國(guó)國(guó)情的數(shù)據(jù)跨境監(jiān)管政策[5],。也有少數(shù)學(xué)者聚焦第三種視野,探討數(shù)據(jù)跨境的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與監(jiān)管策略,。有研究從金融數(shù)據(jù)跨境[6],、電商數(shù)據(jù)跨境[7]、粵港澳大灣區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)[8]等具體問(wèn)題探討機(jī)制與對(duì)策,,也有研究從個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)益受侵害,、國(guó)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)資源流失以及國(guó)家社會(huì)安全受威脅的角度分析了數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9],,還有研究從國(guó)家安全、商業(yè)利益,、個(gè)人信息保護(hù)三個(gè)方面分析了海量數(shù)據(jù)的跨境流動(dòng)給我國(guó)帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)[10],。

總的來(lái)說(shuō),國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管的研究重點(diǎn)聚焦于法學(xué)和政治學(xué)視野,,從政府管理視野進(jìn)行的研究相對(duì)薄弱,;在研究對(duì)象的選擇上,主要集中于國(guó)家,、區(qū)域,、行業(yè)、個(gè)體的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管,,對(duì)企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)出境合規(guī)監(jiān)管的研究較少,。目前,跨國(guó)企業(yè)在國(guó)際數(shù)字貿(mào)易中扮演著重要角色,,深入剖析政府對(duì)企業(yè)在數(shù)據(jù)出境過(guò)程中的監(jiān)管問(wèn)題及原因,,有利于更有針對(duì)性地加強(qiáng)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)的合規(guī)指導(dǎo)與安全監(jiān)管。本文以企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)跨境管理問(wèn)題為導(dǎo)向,,明確出境數(shù)據(jù)全生命周期安全,,針對(duì)跨境數(shù)據(jù)采集、存儲(chǔ),、傳輸與交換,、銷(xiāo)毀等環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,從制度依據(jù),、分類(lèi)分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),、國(guó)際合作、機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)同方面分析深層原因,,并為我國(guó)建立完善的數(shù)據(jù)跨境流動(dòng)監(jiān)管體系提供參考性建議,。



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作者信息:

焦小妹,沈本秋

(廣州大學(xué) 公共管理學(xué)院,,廣東 廣州510006)




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